旅游经验系列之 我的野营手册
在以前写的一些关于温哥华附近的旅游景点的介绍和自己的游记中,细心的朋友可以发现我很少住旅馆,大多以野营为主。其实野营在北美的土地上是非常流行,方便而又便宜的住宿方式,很多的美国和加拿大人都是这样度过自己的假期的。野营的好处多多,第一可以回归自然,摆脱城市里工作环境的困扰,呼吸一下野外的新鲜空气,活动一下有易身体健康;第二,北美地广人稀,大多的旅游是围绕国家和省立公园的自然景观,而很明显的,在这样的地方camping会比住旅馆更能体会旅游的乐趣;第三,世界上可能没有那里比北美的野营系统更完备,管理的更系统,不论是从网上还是高速公路上,还是当地的information center,你都可以很轻易的获得详尽的资料;第四,北美的野营地星罗棋布,游人多的地方更是三步一岗,五步一哨的,可能一点不比找旅馆的灵活性差,而且环境的舒适度也还不错;最后也是最经典的原因就是 —— 便宜呀!一家大小或一众朋友一个晚上的住宿可能也不会超过二三十的,住旅馆可能就不只一两百了吧。为了实现走遍四方的理想,我们也要把野营行动进行到底!
以下是我几年来的一些经验和大家分享,主要是以一般的旅游野营为主,没有介绍太多back country hiker,RV和专业登山野营的内容。我个人认为以下的内容对于没有野营经验的朋友可能帮助最大,其中还有一些很好的tips,如果有经验的朋友不辞辛苦的看了全文觉得不很满意,热烈欢迎加以指正,我先谢谢了。
宿营地的分类
宿营地的分类其实并不是很复杂,而且基本上北美的标准是通用统一的,通常分为以下几类:
1. frontcountry camping
是指可以开车进入的宿营地,每个site都有一个到两个停车位,宿营者可以带比较齐全的宿营装备,因为携带和装运非常方便。分为tent site和RV site,tent site一般比较小不能停放大型的RV。
价格:加拿大 带shower 18.50,通常 8.00 - 12.00
美国 10 - 16 美金
2. walkin
顾名思义是没有停车位的宿营地,可能离大路很近,但由于比较深入树林,所以车开不进去,车位通常会在路边。其实与frontcountry camping的区别不大,只是搬运东西比较麻烦,价格会便宜一些。但要注意,有些宿营地的walkin site可能很远,是界于frontcountry camping和backcountry camping之间,注意看好说明。
价格:加拿大 带shower 15,通常 8.00 - 12.00
3. backcountry camping
是指车辆不可能到达的宿营地。通常这样的宿营地是为野外过夜的hiker准备的,会在丛林或雪山的trail旁边,设施相对简陋收费低廉,按人头儿收费,有时可能不收费。因为需要hiking进入,不能携带很多的装备,一切以轻便为宜,但是我见过的hiker可还是都背着半人多高的大背包呢。
价格:加拿大 0 - 5 一人
4. group camping
是集体宿营地。一般的规模都至少容纳10-20帐篷,没有很独立的site分界,大家就很亲热的挤在一起。通常大的宿营地会有一到几个集体宿营地,平均下来的收费比独立的site要低廉很多。
价格:加拿大 20 - 50
5. winter frontcountry camping
很多的宿营地是不提供冬天服务的,大多冬天就关闭了。不过有一些地方的尤其是冬天有cross country开放的地方,宿营地一般还是有服务的,但我没有去过,具体情况没有全面的了解。
价格:加拿大 10
6. cabin
cabin就是小木屋,不是每一个营地都有,以私人营地的居多。cabin的价格比camping稍贵,在30-60的样子。cabin分为独间和双间的,当然还有更大的,有床但没有被褥,有些有简单的家具,经常在屋檐下还会有个秋千似的吊椅,也挺有情趣的。
宿营地的基本设施
包括一块相对封闭平坦,干燥的地方,周围通常有大树环绕;一个到两个野餐桌,桌子和椅子是一体的;一个生火的篝火台;有些设备非常齐全的营地还会有电的供应,主要是提供RV充电的。每个营地按照区域划分都会有数个洗手间,可以是带热水shower的,shower在加拿大大多免费,美国的营地一定要收费,一般有电的供应;也可能是冲水的洗手间只提供冷水;还有些是dry toilet,就是不能冲水也不可以洗手的。一般厕所都有卫生纸提供。营地中还会有数个打水的地方,可能是水龙头,也可能是轧水的水井。一定会有一些垃圾箱,只有人类可以使用,动物是打不开的。大的营地还会有露天剧场,夏天的时候天黑之后每天都会有活动,大多以公园介绍为主。如果营地提供RV服务,就通常有sani station是为RV排泄污物的。私人的营地还经常有游泳池和洗衣间,play ground。每个营地夏天的时候都有camping host,就是一家常年在这个营地居住的营民,如果有关于营地的问题,或出现紧急情况,可以到host处寻求帮助。
通常营地的注册方式
a. 营地有gate service,就是在进入营地之前要先登记交钱,然后管理员给你一套营地的介绍,包括注意事项和地图,有时会要求你在进入营地之前选好位置,通常是在地图上将剩下的营地标出来,让你选一个。然后填好表包括你的名字,住址和车的牌照,他再给你两张收据表明了你离开的日期,一个放在营地的小牌子上,一个挂在车上。如果需要继续住下去,可以第二天清晨再重新注册,你对这个位置有优先的保留权。注意:一般的营地最多可以住14天,一个营地可以搭两个帐篷,放两辆车,住四个人,如果人多一些需要另收费。
b. 营地没有收费处,自己注册。这样的营地更为多见,通常的情况在营地的大门口的公告牌上面密密麻麻的列出那些营地是空的,那些有人。你可以自己拿份地图选上一个,或者开车进去挨个看看,找到一个心宜的放下点东西占上,然后回来填表,并将正好的零钱放在营地准备的信封里封好,投进收费箱。当然有些地方(以加拿大居多)是要等晚上6点左右会有巡逻员开车来,挨家挨户的收钱,这样的可以找零,也挺方便的。
c. 如果你是晚上到达的,通常Ranger已经下班了,可以先self register,第二天早上再交钱也可以的。
d. Group campground通常只有大的营地才有,而且也只有几处而已,一般都需要事先预定。
e. 每个营地的具体规则不同,请在到达时阅读大门前的营地指南。
野营的装备
野营的装备基本上是野营是否成功的基本条件之一,装备不全或装备不当,野营的经历将成为你旅游生涯中痛苦的一页。在选择装备的之前有几点基本原则:
1. 通常同行的人数和情况。一个两个人的家庭和四人有孩子的家庭是不一样的,大人和孩子的用具也有很大的分别。
2. 野营的地点和时间。比如到多雨的地方或山区需要准备雨具,而冬天的野营对装备保温要求很重要。
3. 经济条件。虽然说是一分钱一分货,但平常的野营是不需要价格昂贵的装备的,价格便宜的东东也能达到一定的要求,不用苛求每一件都是最好的,我知道很多男生都有这样的怪癖。:)
4. 旅行用车的大小直接决定了可以携带的野营装备的多少和大小。短期旅行(两三天)与长期旅行需要的空间是不同的,短期旅行需要至少多一个座位大小的空间及后备箱,也就是4人同行至少要可以坐五人的汽车,注意是至少,如果空间大一些会更方便一点;长期旅行需要至少多两个座位大小的空间及后备箱。
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5. 野营的装备一般日用商店都有出售,比如Canadian Tire,Zellers,Sears,Super Store等等,不一定非要到专用品商店去买。而且如果有计划要购买的话,要经常注意各商店的flyer,因为季节性大减价是经常发生的,特别是7-8月份的时候或冬季,很多商店都会有季末清货的活动,打折可以达到50%;也可以到他们的网站上看看,有时商店里不打折,但网上销售是有折扣的,这种情况发生在Sears最多。这个省钱原则通用于以下所有的装备,而且基本上百试百灵。
下面我将逐一介绍需要的具体装备名单:
1. 帐篷
帐篷是非常重要的一环,因为帐篷就是你晚上居住的房子,是挡风遮雨的地方,绝对不能马虎。帐篷通常分为普通夏天用和登山用专业帐篷。普通夏日帐篷是我们在一般商店里经常看到的帐篷,主要按大小分类,即1人用,2-3人用,4-6人用,6-10人的也有;还有单间,双间,内外间之分。普通夏日帐篷通常都是两层的,主体为全封闭的四角或六角的立方体,上面支撑起来尖尖的顶子多为透气的网眼设计,是为了更好的换气和使潮湿的空气散出,潮湿空气的来源多为夜间人体呼出的空气;外边还有一层架在透气顶子的上面,与透气孔有一些距离,不同的帐篷的外层大小不同,可以仅仅遮住顶子,也可以遮住整个帐篷,主要的作用是防雨和保温。每个帐篷都一定有门,有没有窗就不一定了。建议选择有双层门窗的帐篷,好处很多,第一,有纱门的可以更透气且凉快,夏天闷热的时候可以开着外层门休息;第二,可以在不关外层门的时候,防蚊虫进入;如果有窗就更好更方便了。在选择帐篷大小时,为了更加舒适,可以选大一号的,比如:2人选3人的帐篷, 3人选4人的帐篷。如果带着孩子,不想和孩子在一起睡,但又不希望太远照顾不了,可以选择分为两间有格段的帐篷。如果一个人,选择solo的比较实用,轻便而且安装简单,注意很多情况下这种帐篷是没有底的,下雨的时候可能很潮或漏水。大型的帐篷通常是为多口之家准备的,可以在帐篷里处于直立状态,有些还可以搭床,外面有凉棚;很舒适,但安装比较复杂,一般装上就会连续住上几天不换地方。再一种就是纯粹的凉棚,一般搭在餐桌上面,有纱制封闭的和只有顶的两种,都是为白天活动时遮阳避雨用的,晚上不能住人。
不要觉得搭帐篷很费精力,其实熟练了之后大约5分钟之内就可以搞定。注意学习说明书,最好两人合作因为将帐篷撑起的时候是个巧劲儿,一个人比较不容易做到。一般帐篷都带塑料钉子,是为了固定帐篷用的,不要懒惰一定要将四周钉牢,否则一阵大风来,帐篷可就随风东去也... ...
帐篷的价格一般都不便宜,规律是越大功能越全,价格越贵。2人的在40-100,3-4人的在80-200,六人以上的大帐篷通常要200-600左右。我现在用的帐篷是5折40块从Zellers买的四人帐篷,很好用已经三年了还没有任何损坏。
2. 睡袋
睡袋是决定你能否能休息好的关键条件,所以一个好睡袋是很重要的。以前有人问我带个普通的被子去行不行,我的答案是第二天你就会比睡在露天没盖被子还冷。为什么?因为睡袋是防潮的,被子是吸水的。睡袋虽然里面是纯棉材料,但外面通常都有一层不透水的化纤材料,晚上人体呼吸散发的潮气和帐篷外尤其是帐篷上的露水渗进来,都会凝结在睡袋外面;所以经常起来会发现睡袋外面很潮湿,如果是被子有什么后果大家是可以想象的。
睡袋从形状上来分通常为两种,即普通的就是长方形齐肩设计的,没有枕头不能将肩膀封起来;还有就是木乃伊式的,有大帽子,口大腿细,肩膀和头都可以在拉紧带子后被裹起来,保暖性能更好。两种都有二和一设计,就是把两个睡袋拼成一个双人的,购买的时候要注意左右成对的买,不然全一边就合不上了。
睡袋的另一个衡量标准就是耐寒的程度,从零下30度到零上10度的都有,所谓温度就是人睡在里面能承受的外界的最低温度,通常在睡袋的外包装上可以找到。不要以为温度越低的睡袋就越好,重要的是你去那里和你什么季节使用睡袋,如果炎热的夏天夜里还有20度的高温,你裹在零下30度的睡袋里,滋味一定不好过;当然如果不够厚,也是非常难过还可能会生病的。以我个人的在加拿大和美国北方的经验,0度,3.5磅的睡袋是最合适的,至少也要5度的,因为这里夜间的温度总是比较低,尽管白天的温度可能高达30度。如果不过厚可以加一层睡毯,要是热了就不要穿睡衣裤了。:)
另外的一点就是最好买带枕头的睡袋,很多人是不习惯平躺的,如果随身带几个大枕头,可想而知是多么的不方便了。最后一点要考虑的是睡袋的大小,如果可能一定尽量买体积比较小的,你会发现这会节省你很多的空间,当然不能一味求小买个kids用的,睡在不够长的睡袋里面一定苦不堪言。
价格,一般的标准是普通的比木乃伊的便宜,温度高的比温度低的便宜,重量轻的比重的便宜,从20-100多的都有,我是在Sears减价的时候花25块买的0度木乃伊式睡袋,感觉已经十分的满意。
3. 睡垫
睡垫也是很关键的一环,虽然很多的帐篷都是封底的不沾地,但是直接睡在地上不光很冷潮气非常的重,而且因为通常宿营地都是石子地或者不平有树枝的土地,睡在上面就像印度苦行僧练瑜珈一样,不是一般人做得到的。所以我们就有必要准备睡垫,睡垫分为两种,厚泡沫塑料可以卷的单人用垫子,这种主要是为长途 hiking,back country野营的旅者准备的,因为它轻容易携带;但一般的有车族可以使用大一些的充气睡垫,感觉上就和睡在家里的床上差不多了。
分类:充气睡垫分为手动充气即象打自行车气一样的充气,这种非常辛苦,特别是长途旅游每天都换地方的情况下,光充气撒气就可以忙活半个多钟头,人还累个半死;电动充气,是带电泵的那种,很快很好用,充气和撒气都可以使用,但注意要记得充电;另外就是自动充气的,具体工作原理我不是很清楚,没有用过,好像是打开阀门就自动鼓起来,怎么撒气就不明白道理了... ...
注意事项:充气睡垫一般是一面防水,一面柔软的,很重要注意要把防水一面放在和地接触的一面,尽量不要放在很尖利的表面上,因为容易被弄破而漏气。也尽量将睡垫放在帐篷的中央不要紧贴帐篷,上面的一面和睡袋都很容易被渗入的露水打湿,有碍第二日的使用。建议在充气之前将睡垫放入帐篷,又干净又方便。随身带一些睡垫用胶布,以防半路之上不小心将睡垫搞破无计可施。放气的时候尽量将气放干净,这样整理出来的size会小一点。
价格:手动充气睡垫一般在25-30,但要单买气泵;带电泵的睡垫40块左右;自动的更贵些。根据不同size,价格不同,和普通床垫的size是一样标准的。两个人用Queen size非常合适,我用的是在costco 40元买的Queen size带电泵的睡垫,体积比较小。
4. 炊具
吃饭对很多的野营者也是头等大事,设想通常城市旅游是不会宿营的,只有去省立或国立公园才会选择住在山里,虽然可能几十里地之内能找到一两家加油站和便利店,但并不是所有地方都可以找到饭馆餐厅的。所以吃一顿舒服饭菜就一定要自己动手才能丰衣足食。菜谱会在下面的章节介绍,现在就说一下需要的炊具。
a. 炉子。如果不是back country野营我并不提倡生篝火来煮事物做饭,原因很简单麻烦而且不干净,而且只能做些简单的食品,还有可能被烫伤。所以还是应该准备一个自己使得合适的炉子,才能做出自己吃了不会弄坏胃的食品。炉子的种类很多,分为煤气类和碳烧类。碳烧类通常是以做烧烤食品为主,当然也可以烧水和烤面包,但缺点是一定要用煤油浸过的碳才好点燃,热得慢,火息的也慢,造成很大的浪费;而且碳黑弄得到处都是,不论是炉子还是炊具都很难清洗。我推荐煤气类的,准备几个煤气罐什么时候要用随时都可以点火做饭,息火走人;煤气炉也有几种,常见的烧烤炉,可以烤东西吃,但煮水很慢;所以我还买了一种体积很小的架在小煤气罐上的灶眼,使起来很象家里的煤气炉,煮东西就快多了;当然还有二和一扁扁的那种铁制带盖炉子,也很干净方便。觉得大家还是应该在这上破费一点,毕竟一劳永逸。如果出去玩的人多,就要多准备几个炉子,要不就有人要干瞪眼没得吃了。
b. 储物箱。除了有RV的人,没听说谁在车上带个冰箱的,通常的使用都是硬塑料制的储物箱,主要是为了存放容易坏的食品用的。储物箱的保温效果很好,放入冰后,冷藏的效果不比冰箱差。一定要买一个大号的,标准是你的后备箱竖着可以放下。储物箱的选择也有些学问,带轱辘的最好,其次储物箱的侧下方有个排水孔的也很重要,当然最普通的也不是不可以用,这取决于你使什么样的冰。如果短期旅行,可以选择包装好的冰盒,是一种硬塑料扁扁的盒子里面装满了蓝色的液体,这个东东在冰箱里冻一晚可以坚持使用2到3天,没有泄漏问题;如果是长期旅行再使用它就行不通了,因为化了找不到冰箱再冻起来,所以就要用真冰。整块的冰效果比碎冰好,但只要是冰就有化的问题,就有水流得箱子里到处都是的问题,所以如果这个时候有个漏水洞就方便多了,不能将所有的食品都弄出来,倒水再放会去的麻烦了。
c. 带盖的锅是需要一个的,大小和炉子相配就可以了,一定要有塑料把手。如果想喝茶,可以带一个很小号的壶,当然用锅也可以,但总免不了有股油烟味。喜欢炒菜的可以带个小号炒锅,当然和煮东西的锅合而为一也不是不可。盘子碗可以用一次性的,那种比较结实的就可以,这样就省了洗盘子的苦恼。至于叉子筷子是不是一次性的就凭个人喜好了。一把好的刀是必要的,保鲜膜,锅铲,烧烤的夹子,锡纸都是必不可少的。最好带一些保鲜盒,可以放剩下的食物。
5. 灯具
灯具在晚上是很重要的,野外不是城市里,天黑了之后可就只有月光星光了,没有灯基本上没法行动。灯具分两种,手电是用于帐篷里照明,或晚上去洗手间用的,推荐那一种直径10cm的大口手电,光亮照明面积大,而且可以悬挂在帐篷里;另一种灯具是室外照明的,比如回营地晚了要做饭,或者天黑了还有力气玩玩牌,再或者想到湖边看看月光,都可以选择一种煤气灯,体积小象上面提过的单灶一样是架在煤气罐上的,小巧轻便而且还很亮,可以提着到处走还不用担心烫手。前者大约5-10元一个,配一个电池;后者要20-40一个,品牌不同,价格不一。
6. 雨具
这里说的雨具不仅仅指雨伞,主要指的是雨布。雨布是塑料的,四面有打好的孔,大小尺寸都有。如果在多雨的地方或者是山里宿营,准备一块雨布是很必要的,可以使你能够白天在外面生火做饭,晚上在帐篷里高枕无忧。雨布是要挂在树上的,所以要搭好还有些学问,树的距离不能太远,撑起来的时候也要保持一定的角度,否则积水多了不负重荷会掉下来的。一般一块大尺寸的雨布也就20几块而已,不过你确定一定没有雨,也可以忽略不记。
7. 椅子
为什么需要椅子我就不说了。一定要折叠的,我推荐那种可以折成一个圆棍的最方便,也最省地方。最好要有扶手的,可以一边烤火,一边喝茶,因为旅行椅的把手上都有放杯子的地方。当然是不是很舒服也很重要。通常15-30一把,我觉得15块的就不错,在Zellers有卖。
8. 点火的工具
点火的工具不仅是指点做饭用的炉子的火,主要是指的篝火。必备的用具有,点火器带长柄的那一种,不要用打火机,不方便也不安全;助燃剂,可以帮助快速点燃木头和碳;斧子适用于砍木头用的,如果没有可以管别人借,一般常出来玩的都有。
9. 塑料布及垃圾袋
塑料布是指铺在餐桌上的布,因为公园里的餐桌多多少少都不是很干净,铺上点看着心里舒服;另外,如果在草地上野餐也可以用的上。垃圾袋是一定要带的,没有垃圾袋的后果极其严重,会把你的营地和车都弄得很脏。
10. 绳子
绳子不是总用的上,但带一些已备不时之需。比如要搭雨布的时候,或者睡袋的带子坏了要捆一捆,公园没有食品柜可又要防熊需要将食品挂起来的时候,甚至如果有人掉到了水里需要拉一把等等,总之用绳子的地方非常的多就不一一例举了。淡然提到了绳子就不要忘带剪子了呀。
11. 药品
药品的适当携带很重要,建议长途旅行要带一个小急救包。一般的感冒药,胃药,止泻药,外伤药和防蚊虫药都应该带一点,当然通常每个营地都会有host或巡逻员,如果需要帮助找他们也是可以的。
野营的注意事项
野营方方面面要注意的事情很多,估计大家也没指望我一次列全,所以我想到多少就说多少吧。
1. 安全问题
大家出去野营虽然一方面是为了省钱,但大多数的原因还是为了娱乐自己,接近大自然。所以就不能持一种将生死置之度外的态度,还是谨慎些比较好,野外生活,安全第一。以下是一定要注意的几点安全问题:
a. 将食物妥善保管,不要外露,小心熊和危险动物。几乎所有杂食和肉食的野生动物都喜欢人类的垃圾,也就是说你扔了不吃的东西,他们都非常的喜欢。所以你的所有食物,食物箱和炊具都应该在使用完了之后收回车的后背箱里,或高高的挂在树上,或存放在公园的食物铁箱里,不能外露,不论是白天还是晚上。所有产生的食物垃圾,都要及时收拾好扔到附近的垃圾桶里(垃圾桶一般都是设计为只有人才会使用的)。特别是公园通知有熊或者山狮的情况下,更要将哪怕鞋子也要收到帐篷里去。这绝对是为了游人和动物两方面着想,人受了伤害固然不好,但吃了垃圾的熊会被处死,还有些可怜的鹿也因为吃了人类丢弃的塑料袋而病死。所以这是首当其冲要注意的。
b. 遇到了熊怎么办?其实我也没有好办法,据说最重要的是不能转身跑,因为熊见你害怕就会扑上来,而最快的短跑运动员也是跑不过看上去笨笨的狗熊的。而且他们还会爬树,也不怕下河,所以总而言之如果遇到想侵犯你的熊好像也就无路可逃了。这是宣传手册上写的... ...可能大叫有用,不过还是不要遇到的好... ... < r o l i a. n e t >
c. 遇到其他的动物也不要招惹,因为基本上你都不是对手。不要看鹿呀,羊呀都挺老实,你别惹他,它踢你一脚就够你歇半年的。据说看上去好温柔的水牛,也要有1 吨多重,被踩一脚或撞一下就没命了。我倒不是说各位会对他们如何如何,只是希望大家看好自己的孩子不要受到伤害,远远的看看就得了。
d. 如果去hiking,最好不要一个人,至少两个人才可以互相帮助。不要走不是trail的路,也尽量不要夜间在不熟悉的trail上乱走。
e. 不要轻易下湖游泳,因为通常湖水是雪山融水很凉,没有足够的准备会遇到危险。
f. 划船尽量穿救生衣。
g. 一定不要在帐篷里引火,因为帐篷大多是纤维材料的,遇热遇火都非常容易损坏。
2. 卫生问题
出门在外,身体健康是最重要的,病了当然没有玩的乐趣了。以下几点卫生问题值得提醒。
a. 小心用水。一般设施比较好的营地是提供食用水的,打水的时候要注意牌子上是不是食用水。如果注明不是,就一定要做开了再喝,或者用野营的专用过滤器过滤。卫生间里的水,小溪里的水,山泉都是不能食用的。
b. 注意食物的保鲜问题,经常换冰,怀疑不新鲜的食品一定不可以食用。密封好,注意生熟分开。
c. 定期洗澡,一般设施好的营地都有shower。如果几天之内都没有遇到带shower的营地,可以在附近的城镇找coin shower店,或者各大公园的information center都有这方面的介绍。
d. 洗衣店基本城镇或私人营地都有,价格合理,有两个小时就可以解决问题。
3. 生火问题
生篝火首先需要木材,现在基本上没有公园提供免费的了,加拿大和美国都是一样。木头可以在公园附近的便利店买,自己带,或者向一些到晚间开车来公园的宿营地买木头的人买,注意不到在四周拣树枝来烧,通常这种行为是会被因为破坏环境而禁止的。一般公园附近的便利店都比较贵,一兜木头大约5块左右。选的时候一定要注意挑选干的,湿的点不着还冒很大的烟。如果一兜木头里没有特别细的木条,别忘了管店主要一些,那叫starter,没有那个一根大木头如何能点着呢?... ...这时你需要斧子和男生了,叫他们劈木头去。木头大小合适后,找一块大点的石头放在火坛中央,将木头码在四周,要流些空隙进空气,再浇上助燃剂,用纸呀什么的引火,运气好的话现在就该着了。过一段加一些木头,烤烤火其乐无穷呀。烤火的好处多多,晚上驱了寒气,又防了蚊虫,晾晾湿了的毛巾袜子,还可以烤几个老玉米,聊聊天增进感情,真是不错呀!
注意只能在公园为每个营地提供的火坛上才可以生火。篝火不能无人看管,在进帐篷休息之前一定要彻底熄灭,要不然点了山火可是了不得的!
4. 如何选择营地地点
虽然到过许多的宿营地,但也不敢妄说自己就很精通此道,只能表达一下我的意见。
在你到达了一处没有到过的营地之前,如果有可能应该先找营地的地图大致看一下,一般从internet上都可以找得到。营地的大小,位置,尤其是设施是应该有所了解的。以下几点供大家参考:
a. 营地的选择要和你的旅行路线搭配。因为营地是你第二天出发的地方,所以营地的选择要为第二天的路程做准备。大致上是两种情况,其一就是一天玩到天黑,到达一天行程的最终点安营扎寨,不走任何的冤枉路,但这种情况一定要有良好的安排,最好提前预定并且确定自己可以到达;另一种就是一天中早些时间到达重要景点的宿营地,然后就在附近玩一天或几天再出发。大体上顺不顺路很重要,身体情况可要考虑进去。
b. 营地的位置是不是足够多,是不是需要预定。夏天时候很多地方的营地相当抢手,预定是一个比较保险的选择,虽然要多花几块钱,但放心还是最重要的,而且很多营地象Mountain Rainier就是非预定不能入住。如果预定不到,或此处不能预定如何办呢?我们就要奉行先到先得的原则,趁早杀过去,不过这样的保险系数就大为降低了。
c. 营地设施如何。当然营地的设施越好价格就越贵,可是也就越舒服。我倾向于好的营地,钱多不了几刀,但是可以洗个热水澡才可以睡个好觉是不是?冲水的洗手间对我也很重要,至少味道不会太臭,如果能有暖气什么的就更加好了!当然,我的最底线是至少有食用水和可以生火,这样即使水没有烧太开也不至于喝了闹肚子,而且我总觉得不能点火算什么野营。
5. 如何选择营地
一个营地通常小的有十几个site,大的有上千,如何选一个自己喜欢的呢?其实这个问题在繁忙的夏季可能根本不是一个问题,因为空闲的site很少更不用说挑挑拣拣的了,但如果是在平常的时间也许还有的商量,所以能挑到一个好的site也是挺不错的一件事。
以下介绍一下我选择site的一些标准:
a. 根据同行的人数多少选择site的大小。很多营地的site大小是不同的,尤其是很多美国的营地分得非常的细致,例如是可以放一辆车的还是两辆车的,是不是可以多于两个人居住,而且还会因为site的大小收费不同。好像加拿大的情况没有那样复杂,总之不能选择太小的,住不下就糟糕了。
b. 尽量选择封闭性比较好的。封闭性比较好就不会很吵闹,也不会担心换衣服被人家吃豆腐,弄得连帐篷的门都不知道向那里开好。
c. 我个人喜欢离洗手间比较近的,但不要紧挨洗手间。最好离打水的地方也不要太远,当然这样的问题可以放在后面考虑,因为要男生不就是打水劈柴的吗?!还有就是要注意营地是不是比较平坦,平坦一点不会睡觉的时候头重脚轻;是不是特别潮湿,如果是很容易发生第二天所有的家当都湿了的后果。在搭帐篷之前,最好将地上的尖石头踢走,以防弄坏床垫。
d. 距离公路,铁路和溪流比较远的。这个原因就比较简单了,是为了晚上能睡个好觉才要避免这种比较吵的地方。当然你说我就喜欢小溪潺潺的,我也没有办法。
e. 尽量不要选一群年轻人作邻居。不是说我们要脱离群众,实在是他们一般不闹到深夜不睡觉的,明天一大早就要起床,怎么受得来他们的摇滚乐和没完没了的笑声呢?当然一般营地有静夜的规定,但人家深夜喝酒聊天你也不能将人家踢出去是不是?虽然我们有时也这样很招人讨厌的...:)
6. 衣物的携带
吃穿住行,吃的问题固然重要,衣物的问题也是不容忽视的。如果你是在北美的北边野营,当然阿拉斯加不算(那里太冷了),即使是夏季也要准备好一些厚的衣物,象薄棉大衣,旅行毯都是很必要的。五,六月份和九月及以后一定要带棉衣或厚毛衣,因为即使是白天都有可能在15度之下,更不要说晚上了。最热的七八月,也至少要一件薄大衣最好是那种绒的,象banff和黄石公园这样的山区,白天可能30度高温,但晚上有可能低于0度。这样的经验在我去黄石公园的时候有过数次,最后我将毛裤都穿上了也没有觉得非常温暖。当然,这些都和计划要去的地方有直接的关系,但多准备一点不会有错。
换洗的内衣袜子一定要带充分,毛巾和卫生用品也是必不可少的。通常带的所有衣物不用超过一周的准备,因为在北美找洗衣房非常的便利。
帽子是必备的,白天可以遮阳,晚上可以御寒。如果登山建议带个厚一点的帽子和登山鞋。墨镜和防晒油也是不能少的,要不然一冬天的美白成果就都报销了。女生的高跟鞋和裙子就不用带了,反正任何情况下也用不到。所以,一般来讲女生旅游时的照片都不会非常的美丽的... ...
7. 行的问题
行的问题可以分为三大方面:
a. 车的选择。
车的选择其实是没的选择,因为你就只有这么一辆破车,没法凭空变出一辆四驱对不对呢?所以首选是你自己的车,但要看看是不是坐得下准备去的人,车能不能跑长途,BCAA买了没有(当然可以现买),如果以上有不成立者就只能放弃了。其次是蹭朋友的车,但要看朋友愿不愿意去,还有够不够磁,如果人家看不上你可是不能成行的。最后的一条路就是租车,只要有驾照和钱一般都是可以的(好像21岁之下的有所限制),根据同行的人数决定租车的大小,我认为在够坐的条件下对车的唯一要求就是马力够大。为什么呢?因为很多情况下的旅行都是要走山路的,主要就是说上坡,如果你和我一样只有Honda Civic,那对不起了,一遇到长过100米的上坡它就开始匀速60公里再也不能快了,即使是在时速120的公路上,她也会很丢脸的慢吞吞不肯动,这时我总是想美国车再烂也至少很有劲呀!不过,不论如何我的小青马也载我千山万水了,我们的感情很深呢!
除非你需要去非常地带,没有柏油路的地方,就像四驱广告里的那种地方,一般的去处都不一定要底盘很高的车。其实大多数情况以高速公路为主,即使公园里的路95%以上也是柏油路面的,一般的车都可以用,我觉得最实用的是旅行车,四驱或mini van,因为空间很大,乘坐的也比较舒适。好像比较长的旅行车还可以躺平睡觉。
b. 司机和向导。
如果是长途旅行,我建议最好至少是两个人,一个人开长途车既辛苦也比较的无趣。如果人多一点,比如三到四个人就更好些,可以轮流开车,而且总可以保持一个清醒的向导。为了驾驶的安全,我建议司机旁边的位置上应该是向导,向导不能睡觉,这样会很影响司机情绪,要陪司机说说话,也不会错过路口。尽量避免夜间开车。
c. 车内空间的使用。 { 枫下论坛 rolia.net/forum }
车内空间的使用的基本规则在上边已经交待过了。还有些补充就是,东西一定要尽量带全,但每样装备的大小尽可能的小,在出发之前最好先装装试试,以防出发之前才发现放不下。如果发现车内实在没有空间了,可以选择加装架在车顶的旅行箱,也是一个解决方案。注意易燃品象煤气罐,助燃液的安全。
8. 吃的问题
吃什么的问题,我会在下面的菜谱中介绍,在这里只想说几个细节。
a. 常备一些瓶装水,在路上饮用,和备不时之需。
b. 野炊之后,洗刷碗筷是不可以在食用水龙头和洗手间里做的。一般洗手间的中间位置有一个小屋子有上下水供应,那里是专门为刷锅洗碗预备的。
c. 如果想吃米饭,可以用电饭锅在洗手间里煮,我见过有人这样做,但要一直看着。也可以用方便米代替。
d. 可以买一个塑料可折叠的水桶,一次将水打满,既可以食用,也可以用来洗漱非常方便。
e. 过关的时候要注意,很多种的蔬菜和水果是不能携带的。保险起见,最好连肉食也不要带。其实,美国的食品很便宜,虽然没有太多的中国食品,但填满肚子还是绰绰有余的。另,啤酒和鸡蛋是绝对的美国价廉物美呀!
9. 可以携带的小电器
一般出去旅游,总不会忘了带个摄像机,数码相机一类的小电器。短途旅行就罢了,可以带一块备用电池,但如果是长途旅行就会有些不方便。建议买一个车用 12V转110V电压的转换器,可以接在汽车的点烟器上,输出的功率可以在300W之内,当然要在车点着火的时候使用。有了电压转换器之后,我们就添置了笔记本电脑(可以解决数码相机内存不够的问题还可以打游戏!),电动气泵,帐篷内的heater等等小电器,生活一下子就丰富多了!
野营的菜谱
野营的菜谱可是一个见仁见智的问题了,因为一说到吃就一定是众口难调。首先要说明的是,人在野外不可能吃的像在家里一样舒服,也不可能想吃什么就可以吃什么。基本上能够解决饥饿问题,营养平衡问题,不太难吃也就罢了。主要还是要以方便食品和成品为主,要适当的补充一些蔬菜,水果和果汁。以下的食谱是我们几年来不断改进得来的,但还是不很满意,大家将就着看吧。
早餐:
主食:烤面包,方便米粉或方便面
副食:煎鸡蛋或水煮蛋,烤香肠,蔬菜沙拉
小食:果酱,黄油或酸奶酪
早餐的特点就是要比较快,而且清晨一般天气都比较冷,所以煮点热汤还是很好的。
午餐:
一般午餐时间都在玩的地方,如果附近有餐厅可以吃顿好的,如果是在山上湖里什么的,我通常是准备的三明治,冷着吃问题也不大。
当然还可以在风景好的地方来个烧烤野餐,我通常喜欢两种烧烤的方法,不妨和大家分享一下:
a. 西式的。以腌制好的鸡翅,猪排,牛眼,香肠,鱼为主,附加一些蔬菜,象将青椒和蘑菇切丁穿串是很好的。可以选择自己腌,不过我试了几次都不是很理想,所以改为买现成的了。Save on food,Yaohan,Supermarket 2000都有买自己研制好新鲜的,我喜欢几乎Yaohan的所有品种包括鲭鱼,Save on food的辣鸡翅也很好吃,都不贵而且都包装好了,可以现吃现买。火碳烧烤乐园的也不错,就是价钱有点贵。美国的很多超市里也有买的,仔细找可以找到。有个小tip,如果怕滴很多的油不好清洗锅的话,可以在铁篦子上铺一层锡纸,这样就不会太脏了。
b. 中式的。还记得北京的烤羊肉串吗?我是一想起来就很激动的,所以决定自己动手丰衣足食。需要的原料包括:羊肉(可以在Save on food买到一两斤一块的好羊肉),猪肉(发现叉烧肉最好,有肥有瘦),鸡肉,鸡心,鸡胗,都切成见方的小丁,穿在长竹签上,撒上盐腌着。到吃的时候再撒上孜然辣椒茉(在Save on food有卖),那噼噼啪啪滴油的声音和阵阵肉香,再配上啤酒,真过瘾的好象回到了北京!
注意不要光吃肉,还要吃点主食,路上闹了肚子可不是好玩的。
晚餐:
主食:方便米或方便面
副食:鸡蛋炒西红柿,烤香肠,烤肉,蔬菜沙拉或炒青菜
汤: 蔬菜汤或番茄汤
为了多吃一些蔬菜,可以在面里煮一些。野外虽然可以炒菜,但火毕竟不是很旺,很复杂的菜式不太容易实现。所以将就一点,只要饱了就可以了。
喜欢晚上喝些茗茶,可以美容也可以驱寒呀。
温哥华附近推荐的宿营地
以下是一些非常常用而且有效的加拿大及美国国家公园和省立公园的连接,基本上可以覆盖温哥华附近所有可以预约的国营宿营地的联系方式。如果详加研究,基本上可以解决大多数旅程安排问题。请一定收藏,做明年出游之用,老实讲这些连接可比topjun的游记有帮助的多!
美国国家公园
http://www.nps.gov
美国国家公园宿营地预定系统
http://reservations.nps.gov/search.cfm
美国森林公园宿营地预定系统
http://www.reserveusa.com/camping/
麻省公园
http://www.mass.gov/dem/forparks.htm
加拿大国家公园
http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/alphap2e.htm
来源: 枫下论坛
Friday, June 27, 2008
在以前写的一些关于温哥华附近的旅游景点的介绍和自己的游记中,细心的朋友可以发现我很少住旅馆,大多以野营为主。其实野营在北美的土地上是非常流行,方便而又便宜的住宿方式,很多的美国和加拿大人都是这样度过自己的假期的。野营的好处多多,第一可以回归自然,摆脱城市里工作环境的困扰,呼吸一下野外的新鲜空气,活动一下有易身体健康;第二,北美地广人稀,大多的旅游是围绕国家和省立公园的自然景观,而很明显的,在这样的地方camping会比住旅馆更能体会旅游的乐趣;第三,世界上可能没有那里比北美的野营系统更完备,管理的更系统,不论是从网上还是高速公路上,还是当地的information center,你都可以很轻易的获得详尽的资料;第四,北美的野营地星罗棋布,游人多的地方更是三步一岗,五步一哨的,可能一点不比找旅馆的灵活性差,而且环境的舒适度也还不错;最后也是最经典的原因就是 —— 便宜呀!一家大小或一众朋友一个晚上的住宿可能也不会超过二三十的,住旅馆可能就不只一两百了吧。为了实现走遍四方的理想,我们也要把野营行动进行到底!
以下是我几年来的一些经验和大家分享,主要是以一般的旅游野营为主,没有介绍太多back country hiker,RV和专业登山野营的内容。我个人认为以下的内容对于没有野营经验的朋友可能帮助最大,其中还有一些很好的tips,如果有经验的朋友不辞辛苦的看了全文觉得不很满意,热烈欢迎加以指正,我先谢谢了。
宿营地的分类
宿营地的分类其实并不是很复杂,而且基本上北美的标准是通用统一的,通常分为以下几类:
1. frontcountry camping
是指可以开车进入的宿营地,每个site都有一个到两个停车位,宿营者可以带比较齐全的宿营装备,因为携带和装运非常方便。分为tent site和RV site,tent site一般比较小不能停放大型的RV。
价格:加拿大 带shower 18.50,通常 8.00 - 12.00
美国 10 - 16 美金
2. walkin
顾名思义是没有停车位的宿营地,可能离大路很近,但由于比较深入树林,所以车开不进去,车位通常会在路边。其实与frontcountry camping的区别不大,只是搬运东西比较麻烦,价格会便宜一些。但要注意,有些宿营地的walkin site可能很远,是界于frontcountry camping和backcountry camping之间,注意看好说明。
价格:加拿大 带shower 15,通常 8.00 - 12.00
3. backcountry camping
是指车辆不可能到达的宿营地。通常这样的宿营地是为野外过夜的hiker准备的,会在丛林或雪山的trail旁边,设施相对简陋收费低廉,按人头儿收费,有时可能不收费。因为需要hiking进入,不能携带很多的装备,一切以轻便为宜,但是我见过的hiker可还是都背着半人多高的大背包呢。
价格:加拿大 0 - 5 一人
4. group camping
是集体宿营地。一般的规模都至少容纳10-20帐篷,没有很独立的site分界,大家就很亲热的挤在一起。通常大的宿营地会有一到几个集体宿营地,平均下来的收费比独立的site要低廉很多。
价格:加拿大 20 - 50
5. winter frontcountry camping
很多的宿营地是不提供冬天服务的,大多冬天就关闭了。不过有一些地方的尤其是冬天有cross country开放的地方,宿营地一般还是有服务的,但我没有去过,具体情况没有全面的了解。
价格:加拿大 10
6. cabin
cabin就是小木屋,不是每一个营地都有,以私人营地的居多。cabin的价格比camping稍贵,在30-60的样子。cabin分为独间和双间的,当然还有更大的,有床但没有被褥,有些有简单的家具,经常在屋檐下还会有个秋千似的吊椅,也挺有情趣的。
宿营地的基本设施
包括一块相对封闭平坦,干燥的地方,周围通常有大树环绕;一个到两个野餐桌,桌子和椅子是一体的;一个生火的篝火台;有些设备非常齐全的营地还会有电的供应,主要是提供RV充电的。每个营地按照区域划分都会有数个洗手间,可以是带热水shower的,shower在加拿大大多免费,美国的营地一定要收费,一般有电的供应;也可能是冲水的洗手间只提供冷水;还有些是dry toilet,就是不能冲水也不可以洗手的。一般厕所都有卫生纸提供。营地中还会有数个打水的地方,可能是水龙头,也可能是轧水的水井。一定会有一些垃圾箱,只有人类可以使用,动物是打不开的。大的营地还会有露天剧场,夏天的时候天黑之后每天都会有活动,大多以公园介绍为主。如果营地提供RV服务,就通常有sani station是为RV排泄污物的。私人的营地还经常有游泳池和洗衣间,play ground。每个营地夏天的时候都有camping host,就是一家常年在这个营地居住的营民,如果有关于营地的问题,或出现紧急情况,可以到host处寻求帮助。
通常营地的注册方式
a. 营地有gate service,就是在进入营地之前要先登记交钱,然后管理员给你一套营地的介绍,包括注意事项和地图,有时会要求你在进入营地之前选好位置,通常是在地图上将剩下的营地标出来,让你选一个。然后填好表包括你的名字,住址和车的牌照,他再给你两张收据表明了你离开的日期,一个放在营地的小牌子上,一个挂在车上。如果需要继续住下去,可以第二天清晨再重新注册,你对这个位置有优先的保留权。注意:一般的营地最多可以住14天,一个营地可以搭两个帐篷,放两辆车,住四个人,如果人多一些需要另收费。
b. 营地没有收费处,自己注册。这样的营地更为多见,通常的情况在营地的大门口的公告牌上面密密麻麻的列出那些营地是空的,那些有人。你可以自己拿份地图选上一个,或者开车进去挨个看看,找到一个心宜的放下点东西占上,然后回来填表,并将正好的零钱放在营地准备的信封里封好,投进收费箱。当然有些地方(以加拿大居多)是要等晚上6点左右会有巡逻员开车来,挨家挨户的收钱,这样的可以找零,也挺方便的。
c. 如果你是晚上到达的,通常Ranger已经下班了,可以先self register,第二天早上再交钱也可以的。
d. Group campground通常只有大的营地才有,而且也只有几处而已,一般都需要事先预定。
e. 每个营地的具体规则不同,请在到达时阅读大门前的营地指南。
野营的装备
野营的装备基本上是野营是否成功的基本条件之一,装备不全或装备不当,野营的经历将成为你旅游生涯中痛苦的一页。在选择装备的之前有几点基本原则:
1. 通常同行的人数和情况。一个两个人的家庭和四人有孩子的家庭是不一样的,大人和孩子的用具也有很大的分别。
2. 野营的地点和时间。比如到多雨的地方或山区需要准备雨具,而冬天的野营对装备保温要求很重要。
3. 经济条件。虽然说是一分钱一分货,但平常的野营是不需要价格昂贵的装备的,价格便宜的东东也能达到一定的要求,不用苛求每一件都是最好的,我知道很多男生都有这样的怪癖。:)
4. 旅行用车的大小直接决定了可以携带的野营装备的多少和大小。短期旅行(两三天)与长期旅行需要的空间是不同的,短期旅行需要至少多一个座位大小的空间及后备箱,也就是4人同行至少要可以坐五人的汽车,注意是至少,如果空间大一些会更方便一点;长期旅行需要至少多两个座位大小的空间及后备箱。
[ 相约加拿大:枫下论坛 rolia.net/forum ]
5. 野营的装备一般日用商店都有出售,比如Canadian Tire,Zellers,Sears,Super Store等等,不一定非要到专用品商店去买。而且如果有计划要购买的话,要经常注意各商店的flyer,因为季节性大减价是经常发生的,特别是7-8月份的时候或冬季,很多商店都会有季末清货的活动,打折可以达到50%;也可以到他们的网站上看看,有时商店里不打折,但网上销售是有折扣的,这种情况发生在Sears最多。这个省钱原则通用于以下所有的装备,而且基本上百试百灵。
下面我将逐一介绍需要的具体装备名单:
1. 帐篷
帐篷是非常重要的一环,因为帐篷就是你晚上居住的房子,是挡风遮雨的地方,绝对不能马虎。帐篷通常分为普通夏天用和登山用专业帐篷。普通夏日帐篷是我们在一般商店里经常看到的帐篷,主要按大小分类,即1人用,2-3人用,4-6人用,6-10人的也有;还有单间,双间,内外间之分。普通夏日帐篷通常都是两层的,主体为全封闭的四角或六角的立方体,上面支撑起来尖尖的顶子多为透气的网眼设计,是为了更好的换气和使潮湿的空气散出,潮湿空气的来源多为夜间人体呼出的空气;外边还有一层架在透气顶子的上面,与透气孔有一些距离,不同的帐篷的外层大小不同,可以仅仅遮住顶子,也可以遮住整个帐篷,主要的作用是防雨和保温。每个帐篷都一定有门,有没有窗就不一定了。建议选择有双层门窗的帐篷,好处很多,第一,有纱门的可以更透气且凉快,夏天闷热的时候可以开着外层门休息;第二,可以在不关外层门的时候,防蚊虫进入;如果有窗就更好更方便了。在选择帐篷大小时,为了更加舒适,可以选大一号的,比如:2人选3人的帐篷, 3人选4人的帐篷。如果带着孩子,不想和孩子在一起睡,但又不希望太远照顾不了,可以选择分为两间有格段的帐篷。如果一个人,选择solo的比较实用,轻便而且安装简单,注意很多情况下这种帐篷是没有底的,下雨的时候可能很潮或漏水。大型的帐篷通常是为多口之家准备的,可以在帐篷里处于直立状态,有些还可以搭床,外面有凉棚;很舒适,但安装比较复杂,一般装上就会连续住上几天不换地方。再一种就是纯粹的凉棚,一般搭在餐桌上面,有纱制封闭的和只有顶的两种,都是为白天活动时遮阳避雨用的,晚上不能住人。
不要觉得搭帐篷很费精力,其实熟练了之后大约5分钟之内就可以搞定。注意学习说明书,最好两人合作因为将帐篷撑起的时候是个巧劲儿,一个人比较不容易做到。一般帐篷都带塑料钉子,是为了固定帐篷用的,不要懒惰一定要将四周钉牢,否则一阵大风来,帐篷可就随风东去也... ...
帐篷的价格一般都不便宜,规律是越大功能越全,价格越贵。2人的在40-100,3-4人的在80-200,六人以上的大帐篷通常要200-600左右。我现在用的帐篷是5折40块从Zellers买的四人帐篷,很好用已经三年了还没有任何损坏。
2. 睡袋
睡袋是决定你能否能休息好的关键条件,所以一个好睡袋是很重要的。以前有人问我带个普通的被子去行不行,我的答案是第二天你就会比睡在露天没盖被子还冷。为什么?因为睡袋是防潮的,被子是吸水的。睡袋虽然里面是纯棉材料,但外面通常都有一层不透水的化纤材料,晚上人体呼吸散发的潮气和帐篷外尤其是帐篷上的露水渗进来,都会凝结在睡袋外面;所以经常起来会发现睡袋外面很潮湿,如果是被子有什么后果大家是可以想象的。
睡袋从形状上来分通常为两种,即普通的就是长方形齐肩设计的,没有枕头不能将肩膀封起来;还有就是木乃伊式的,有大帽子,口大腿细,肩膀和头都可以在拉紧带子后被裹起来,保暖性能更好。两种都有二和一设计,就是把两个睡袋拼成一个双人的,购买的时候要注意左右成对的买,不然全一边就合不上了。
睡袋的另一个衡量标准就是耐寒的程度,从零下30度到零上10度的都有,所谓温度就是人睡在里面能承受的外界的最低温度,通常在睡袋的外包装上可以找到。不要以为温度越低的睡袋就越好,重要的是你去那里和你什么季节使用睡袋,如果炎热的夏天夜里还有20度的高温,你裹在零下30度的睡袋里,滋味一定不好过;当然如果不够厚,也是非常难过还可能会生病的。以我个人的在加拿大和美国北方的经验,0度,3.5磅的睡袋是最合适的,至少也要5度的,因为这里夜间的温度总是比较低,尽管白天的温度可能高达30度。如果不过厚可以加一层睡毯,要是热了就不要穿睡衣裤了。:)
另外的一点就是最好买带枕头的睡袋,很多人是不习惯平躺的,如果随身带几个大枕头,可想而知是多么的不方便了。最后一点要考虑的是睡袋的大小,如果可能一定尽量买体积比较小的,你会发现这会节省你很多的空间,当然不能一味求小买个kids用的,睡在不够长的睡袋里面一定苦不堪言。
价格,一般的标准是普通的比木乃伊的便宜,温度高的比温度低的便宜,重量轻的比重的便宜,从20-100多的都有,我是在Sears减价的时候花25块买的0度木乃伊式睡袋,感觉已经十分的满意。
3. 睡垫
睡垫也是很关键的一环,虽然很多的帐篷都是封底的不沾地,但是直接睡在地上不光很冷潮气非常的重,而且因为通常宿营地都是石子地或者不平有树枝的土地,睡在上面就像印度苦行僧练瑜珈一样,不是一般人做得到的。所以我们就有必要准备睡垫,睡垫分为两种,厚泡沫塑料可以卷的单人用垫子,这种主要是为长途 hiking,back country野营的旅者准备的,因为它轻容易携带;但一般的有车族可以使用大一些的充气睡垫,感觉上就和睡在家里的床上差不多了。
分类:充气睡垫分为手动充气即象打自行车气一样的充气,这种非常辛苦,特别是长途旅游每天都换地方的情况下,光充气撒气就可以忙活半个多钟头,人还累个半死;电动充气,是带电泵的那种,很快很好用,充气和撒气都可以使用,但注意要记得充电;另外就是自动充气的,具体工作原理我不是很清楚,没有用过,好像是打开阀门就自动鼓起来,怎么撒气就不明白道理了... ...
注意事项:充气睡垫一般是一面防水,一面柔软的,很重要注意要把防水一面放在和地接触的一面,尽量不要放在很尖利的表面上,因为容易被弄破而漏气。也尽量将睡垫放在帐篷的中央不要紧贴帐篷,上面的一面和睡袋都很容易被渗入的露水打湿,有碍第二日的使用。建议在充气之前将睡垫放入帐篷,又干净又方便。随身带一些睡垫用胶布,以防半路之上不小心将睡垫搞破无计可施。放气的时候尽量将气放干净,这样整理出来的size会小一点。
价格:手动充气睡垫一般在25-30,但要单买气泵;带电泵的睡垫40块左右;自动的更贵些。根据不同size,价格不同,和普通床垫的size是一样标准的。两个人用Queen size非常合适,我用的是在costco 40元买的Queen size带电泵的睡垫,体积比较小。
4. 炊具
吃饭对很多的野营者也是头等大事,设想通常城市旅游是不会宿营的,只有去省立或国立公园才会选择住在山里,虽然可能几十里地之内能找到一两家加油站和便利店,但并不是所有地方都可以找到饭馆餐厅的。所以吃一顿舒服饭菜就一定要自己动手才能丰衣足食。菜谱会在下面的章节介绍,现在就说一下需要的炊具。
a. 炉子。如果不是back country野营我并不提倡生篝火来煮事物做饭,原因很简单麻烦而且不干净,而且只能做些简单的食品,还有可能被烫伤。所以还是应该准备一个自己使得合适的炉子,才能做出自己吃了不会弄坏胃的食品。炉子的种类很多,分为煤气类和碳烧类。碳烧类通常是以做烧烤食品为主,当然也可以烧水和烤面包,但缺点是一定要用煤油浸过的碳才好点燃,热得慢,火息的也慢,造成很大的浪费;而且碳黑弄得到处都是,不论是炉子还是炊具都很难清洗。我推荐煤气类的,准备几个煤气罐什么时候要用随时都可以点火做饭,息火走人;煤气炉也有几种,常见的烧烤炉,可以烤东西吃,但煮水很慢;所以我还买了一种体积很小的架在小煤气罐上的灶眼,使起来很象家里的煤气炉,煮东西就快多了;当然还有二和一扁扁的那种铁制带盖炉子,也很干净方便。觉得大家还是应该在这上破费一点,毕竟一劳永逸。如果出去玩的人多,就要多准备几个炉子,要不就有人要干瞪眼没得吃了。
b. 储物箱。除了有RV的人,没听说谁在车上带个冰箱的,通常的使用都是硬塑料制的储物箱,主要是为了存放容易坏的食品用的。储物箱的保温效果很好,放入冰后,冷藏的效果不比冰箱差。一定要买一个大号的,标准是你的后备箱竖着可以放下。储物箱的选择也有些学问,带轱辘的最好,其次储物箱的侧下方有个排水孔的也很重要,当然最普通的也不是不可以用,这取决于你使什么样的冰。如果短期旅行,可以选择包装好的冰盒,是一种硬塑料扁扁的盒子里面装满了蓝色的液体,这个东东在冰箱里冻一晚可以坚持使用2到3天,没有泄漏问题;如果是长期旅行再使用它就行不通了,因为化了找不到冰箱再冻起来,所以就要用真冰。整块的冰效果比碎冰好,但只要是冰就有化的问题,就有水流得箱子里到处都是的问题,所以如果这个时候有个漏水洞就方便多了,不能将所有的食品都弄出来,倒水再放会去的麻烦了。
c. 带盖的锅是需要一个的,大小和炉子相配就可以了,一定要有塑料把手。如果想喝茶,可以带一个很小号的壶,当然用锅也可以,但总免不了有股油烟味。喜欢炒菜的可以带个小号炒锅,当然和煮东西的锅合而为一也不是不可。盘子碗可以用一次性的,那种比较结实的就可以,这样就省了洗盘子的苦恼。至于叉子筷子是不是一次性的就凭个人喜好了。一把好的刀是必要的,保鲜膜,锅铲,烧烤的夹子,锡纸都是必不可少的。最好带一些保鲜盒,可以放剩下的食物。
5. 灯具
灯具在晚上是很重要的,野外不是城市里,天黑了之后可就只有月光星光了,没有灯基本上没法行动。灯具分两种,手电是用于帐篷里照明,或晚上去洗手间用的,推荐那一种直径10cm的大口手电,光亮照明面积大,而且可以悬挂在帐篷里;另一种灯具是室外照明的,比如回营地晚了要做饭,或者天黑了还有力气玩玩牌,再或者想到湖边看看月光,都可以选择一种煤气灯,体积小象上面提过的单灶一样是架在煤气罐上的,小巧轻便而且还很亮,可以提着到处走还不用担心烫手。前者大约5-10元一个,配一个电池;后者要20-40一个,品牌不同,价格不一。
6. 雨具
这里说的雨具不仅仅指雨伞,主要指的是雨布。雨布是塑料的,四面有打好的孔,大小尺寸都有。如果在多雨的地方或者是山里宿营,准备一块雨布是很必要的,可以使你能够白天在外面生火做饭,晚上在帐篷里高枕无忧。雨布是要挂在树上的,所以要搭好还有些学问,树的距离不能太远,撑起来的时候也要保持一定的角度,否则积水多了不负重荷会掉下来的。一般一块大尺寸的雨布也就20几块而已,不过你确定一定没有雨,也可以忽略不记。
7. 椅子
为什么需要椅子我就不说了。一定要折叠的,我推荐那种可以折成一个圆棍的最方便,也最省地方。最好要有扶手的,可以一边烤火,一边喝茶,因为旅行椅的把手上都有放杯子的地方。当然是不是很舒服也很重要。通常15-30一把,我觉得15块的就不错,在Zellers有卖。
8. 点火的工具
点火的工具不仅是指点做饭用的炉子的火,主要是指的篝火。必备的用具有,点火器带长柄的那一种,不要用打火机,不方便也不安全;助燃剂,可以帮助快速点燃木头和碳;斧子适用于砍木头用的,如果没有可以管别人借,一般常出来玩的都有。
9. 塑料布及垃圾袋
塑料布是指铺在餐桌上的布,因为公园里的餐桌多多少少都不是很干净,铺上点看着心里舒服;另外,如果在草地上野餐也可以用的上。垃圾袋是一定要带的,没有垃圾袋的后果极其严重,会把你的营地和车都弄得很脏。
10. 绳子
绳子不是总用的上,但带一些已备不时之需。比如要搭雨布的时候,或者睡袋的带子坏了要捆一捆,公园没有食品柜可又要防熊需要将食品挂起来的时候,甚至如果有人掉到了水里需要拉一把等等,总之用绳子的地方非常的多就不一一例举了。淡然提到了绳子就不要忘带剪子了呀。
11. 药品
药品的适当携带很重要,建议长途旅行要带一个小急救包。一般的感冒药,胃药,止泻药,外伤药和防蚊虫药都应该带一点,当然通常每个营地都会有host或巡逻员,如果需要帮助找他们也是可以的。
野营的注意事项
野营方方面面要注意的事情很多,估计大家也没指望我一次列全,所以我想到多少就说多少吧。
1. 安全问题
大家出去野营虽然一方面是为了省钱,但大多数的原因还是为了娱乐自己,接近大自然。所以就不能持一种将生死置之度外的态度,还是谨慎些比较好,野外生活,安全第一。以下是一定要注意的几点安全问题:
a. 将食物妥善保管,不要外露,小心熊和危险动物。几乎所有杂食和肉食的野生动物都喜欢人类的垃圾,也就是说你扔了不吃的东西,他们都非常的喜欢。所以你的所有食物,食物箱和炊具都应该在使用完了之后收回车的后背箱里,或高高的挂在树上,或存放在公园的食物铁箱里,不能外露,不论是白天还是晚上。所有产生的食物垃圾,都要及时收拾好扔到附近的垃圾桶里(垃圾桶一般都是设计为只有人才会使用的)。特别是公园通知有熊或者山狮的情况下,更要将哪怕鞋子也要收到帐篷里去。这绝对是为了游人和动物两方面着想,人受了伤害固然不好,但吃了垃圾的熊会被处死,还有些可怜的鹿也因为吃了人类丢弃的塑料袋而病死。所以这是首当其冲要注意的。
b. 遇到了熊怎么办?其实我也没有好办法,据说最重要的是不能转身跑,因为熊见你害怕就会扑上来,而最快的短跑运动员也是跑不过看上去笨笨的狗熊的。而且他们还会爬树,也不怕下河,所以总而言之如果遇到想侵犯你的熊好像也就无路可逃了。这是宣传手册上写的... ...可能大叫有用,不过还是不要遇到的好... ... < r o l i a. n e t >
c. 遇到其他的动物也不要招惹,因为基本上你都不是对手。不要看鹿呀,羊呀都挺老实,你别惹他,它踢你一脚就够你歇半年的。据说看上去好温柔的水牛,也要有1 吨多重,被踩一脚或撞一下就没命了。我倒不是说各位会对他们如何如何,只是希望大家看好自己的孩子不要受到伤害,远远的看看就得了。
d. 如果去hiking,最好不要一个人,至少两个人才可以互相帮助。不要走不是trail的路,也尽量不要夜间在不熟悉的trail上乱走。
e. 不要轻易下湖游泳,因为通常湖水是雪山融水很凉,没有足够的准备会遇到危险。
f. 划船尽量穿救生衣。
g. 一定不要在帐篷里引火,因为帐篷大多是纤维材料的,遇热遇火都非常容易损坏。
2. 卫生问题
出门在外,身体健康是最重要的,病了当然没有玩的乐趣了。以下几点卫生问题值得提醒。
a. 小心用水。一般设施比较好的营地是提供食用水的,打水的时候要注意牌子上是不是食用水。如果注明不是,就一定要做开了再喝,或者用野营的专用过滤器过滤。卫生间里的水,小溪里的水,山泉都是不能食用的。
b. 注意食物的保鲜问题,经常换冰,怀疑不新鲜的食品一定不可以食用。密封好,注意生熟分开。
c. 定期洗澡,一般设施好的营地都有shower。如果几天之内都没有遇到带shower的营地,可以在附近的城镇找coin shower店,或者各大公园的information center都有这方面的介绍。
d. 洗衣店基本城镇或私人营地都有,价格合理,有两个小时就可以解决问题。
3. 生火问题
生篝火首先需要木材,现在基本上没有公园提供免费的了,加拿大和美国都是一样。木头可以在公园附近的便利店买,自己带,或者向一些到晚间开车来公园的宿营地买木头的人买,注意不到在四周拣树枝来烧,通常这种行为是会被因为破坏环境而禁止的。一般公园附近的便利店都比较贵,一兜木头大约5块左右。选的时候一定要注意挑选干的,湿的点不着还冒很大的烟。如果一兜木头里没有特别细的木条,别忘了管店主要一些,那叫starter,没有那个一根大木头如何能点着呢?... ...这时你需要斧子和男生了,叫他们劈木头去。木头大小合适后,找一块大点的石头放在火坛中央,将木头码在四周,要流些空隙进空气,再浇上助燃剂,用纸呀什么的引火,运气好的话现在就该着了。过一段加一些木头,烤烤火其乐无穷呀。烤火的好处多多,晚上驱了寒气,又防了蚊虫,晾晾湿了的毛巾袜子,还可以烤几个老玉米,聊聊天增进感情,真是不错呀!
注意只能在公园为每个营地提供的火坛上才可以生火。篝火不能无人看管,在进帐篷休息之前一定要彻底熄灭,要不然点了山火可是了不得的!
4. 如何选择营地地点
虽然到过许多的宿营地,但也不敢妄说自己就很精通此道,只能表达一下我的意见。
在你到达了一处没有到过的营地之前,如果有可能应该先找营地的地图大致看一下,一般从internet上都可以找得到。营地的大小,位置,尤其是设施是应该有所了解的。以下几点供大家参考:
a. 营地的选择要和你的旅行路线搭配。因为营地是你第二天出发的地方,所以营地的选择要为第二天的路程做准备。大致上是两种情况,其一就是一天玩到天黑,到达一天行程的最终点安营扎寨,不走任何的冤枉路,但这种情况一定要有良好的安排,最好提前预定并且确定自己可以到达;另一种就是一天中早些时间到达重要景点的宿营地,然后就在附近玩一天或几天再出发。大体上顺不顺路很重要,身体情况可要考虑进去。
b. 营地的位置是不是足够多,是不是需要预定。夏天时候很多地方的营地相当抢手,预定是一个比较保险的选择,虽然要多花几块钱,但放心还是最重要的,而且很多营地象Mountain Rainier就是非预定不能入住。如果预定不到,或此处不能预定如何办呢?我们就要奉行先到先得的原则,趁早杀过去,不过这样的保险系数就大为降低了。
c. 营地设施如何。当然营地的设施越好价格就越贵,可是也就越舒服。我倾向于好的营地,钱多不了几刀,但是可以洗个热水澡才可以睡个好觉是不是?冲水的洗手间对我也很重要,至少味道不会太臭,如果能有暖气什么的就更加好了!当然,我的最底线是至少有食用水和可以生火,这样即使水没有烧太开也不至于喝了闹肚子,而且我总觉得不能点火算什么野营。
5. 如何选择营地
一个营地通常小的有十几个site,大的有上千,如何选一个自己喜欢的呢?其实这个问题在繁忙的夏季可能根本不是一个问题,因为空闲的site很少更不用说挑挑拣拣的了,但如果是在平常的时间也许还有的商量,所以能挑到一个好的site也是挺不错的一件事。
以下介绍一下我选择site的一些标准:
a. 根据同行的人数多少选择site的大小。很多营地的site大小是不同的,尤其是很多美国的营地分得非常的细致,例如是可以放一辆车的还是两辆车的,是不是可以多于两个人居住,而且还会因为site的大小收费不同。好像加拿大的情况没有那样复杂,总之不能选择太小的,住不下就糟糕了。
b. 尽量选择封闭性比较好的。封闭性比较好就不会很吵闹,也不会担心换衣服被人家吃豆腐,弄得连帐篷的门都不知道向那里开好。
c. 我个人喜欢离洗手间比较近的,但不要紧挨洗手间。最好离打水的地方也不要太远,当然这样的问题可以放在后面考虑,因为要男生不就是打水劈柴的吗?!还有就是要注意营地是不是比较平坦,平坦一点不会睡觉的时候头重脚轻;是不是特别潮湿,如果是很容易发生第二天所有的家当都湿了的后果。在搭帐篷之前,最好将地上的尖石头踢走,以防弄坏床垫。
d. 距离公路,铁路和溪流比较远的。这个原因就比较简单了,是为了晚上能睡个好觉才要避免这种比较吵的地方。当然你说我就喜欢小溪潺潺的,我也没有办法。
e. 尽量不要选一群年轻人作邻居。不是说我们要脱离群众,实在是他们一般不闹到深夜不睡觉的,明天一大早就要起床,怎么受得来他们的摇滚乐和没完没了的笑声呢?当然一般营地有静夜的规定,但人家深夜喝酒聊天你也不能将人家踢出去是不是?虽然我们有时也这样很招人讨厌的...:)
6. 衣物的携带
吃穿住行,吃的问题固然重要,衣物的问题也是不容忽视的。如果你是在北美的北边野营,当然阿拉斯加不算(那里太冷了),即使是夏季也要准备好一些厚的衣物,象薄棉大衣,旅行毯都是很必要的。五,六月份和九月及以后一定要带棉衣或厚毛衣,因为即使是白天都有可能在15度之下,更不要说晚上了。最热的七八月,也至少要一件薄大衣最好是那种绒的,象banff和黄石公园这样的山区,白天可能30度高温,但晚上有可能低于0度。这样的经验在我去黄石公园的时候有过数次,最后我将毛裤都穿上了也没有觉得非常温暖。当然,这些都和计划要去的地方有直接的关系,但多准备一点不会有错。
换洗的内衣袜子一定要带充分,毛巾和卫生用品也是必不可少的。通常带的所有衣物不用超过一周的准备,因为在北美找洗衣房非常的便利。
帽子是必备的,白天可以遮阳,晚上可以御寒。如果登山建议带个厚一点的帽子和登山鞋。墨镜和防晒油也是不能少的,要不然一冬天的美白成果就都报销了。女生的高跟鞋和裙子就不用带了,反正任何情况下也用不到。所以,一般来讲女生旅游时的照片都不会非常的美丽的... ...
7. 行的问题
行的问题可以分为三大方面:
a. 车的选择。
车的选择其实是没的选择,因为你就只有这么一辆破车,没法凭空变出一辆四驱对不对呢?所以首选是你自己的车,但要看看是不是坐得下准备去的人,车能不能跑长途,BCAA买了没有(当然可以现买),如果以上有不成立者就只能放弃了。其次是蹭朋友的车,但要看朋友愿不愿意去,还有够不够磁,如果人家看不上你可是不能成行的。最后的一条路就是租车,只要有驾照和钱一般都是可以的(好像21岁之下的有所限制),根据同行的人数决定租车的大小,我认为在够坐的条件下对车的唯一要求就是马力够大。为什么呢?因为很多情况下的旅行都是要走山路的,主要就是说上坡,如果你和我一样只有Honda Civic,那对不起了,一遇到长过100米的上坡它就开始匀速60公里再也不能快了,即使是在时速120的公路上,她也会很丢脸的慢吞吞不肯动,这时我总是想美国车再烂也至少很有劲呀!不过,不论如何我的小青马也载我千山万水了,我们的感情很深呢!
除非你需要去非常地带,没有柏油路的地方,就像四驱广告里的那种地方,一般的去处都不一定要底盘很高的车。其实大多数情况以高速公路为主,即使公园里的路95%以上也是柏油路面的,一般的车都可以用,我觉得最实用的是旅行车,四驱或mini van,因为空间很大,乘坐的也比较舒适。好像比较长的旅行车还可以躺平睡觉。
b. 司机和向导。
如果是长途旅行,我建议最好至少是两个人,一个人开长途车既辛苦也比较的无趣。如果人多一点,比如三到四个人就更好些,可以轮流开车,而且总可以保持一个清醒的向导。为了驾驶的安全,我建议司机旁边的位置上应该是向导,向导不能睡觉,这样会很影响司机情绪,要陪司机说说话,也不会错过路口。尽量避免夜间开车。
c. 车内空间的使用。 { 枫下论坛 rolia.net/forum }
车内空间的使用的基本规则在上边已经交待过了。还有些补充就是,东西一定要尽量带全,但每样装备的大小尽可能的小,在出发之前最好先装装试试,以防出发之前才发现放不下。如果发现车内实在没有空间了,可以选择加装架在车顶的旅行箱,也是一个解决方案。注意易燃品象煤气罐,助燃液的安全。
8. 吃的问题
吃什么的问题,我会在下面的菜谱中介绍,在这里只想说几个细节。
a. 常备一些瓶装水,在路上饮用,和备不时之需。
b. 野炊之后,洗刷碗筷是不可以在食用水龙头和洗手间里做的。一般洗手间的中间位置有一个小屋子有上下水供应,那里是专门为刷锅洗碗预备的。
c. 如果想吃米饭,可以用电饭锅在洗手间里煮,我见过有人这样做,但要一直看着。也可以用方便米代替。
d. 可以买一个塑料可折叠的水桶,一次将水打满,既可以食用,也可以用来洗漱非常方便。
e. 过关的时候要注意,很多种的蔬菜和水果是不能携带的。保险起见,最好连肉食也不要带。其实,美国的食品很便宜,虽然没有太多的中国食品,但填满肚子还是绰绰有余的。另,啤酒和鸡蛋是绝对的美国价廉物美呀!
9. 可以携带的小电器
一般出去旅游,总不会忘了带个摄像机,数码相机一类的小电器。短途旅行就罢了,可以带一块备用电池,但如果是长途旅行就会有些不方便。建议买一个车用 12V转110V电压的转换器,可以接在汽车的点烟器上,输出的功率可以在300W之内,当然要在车点着火的时候使用。有了电压转换器之后,我们就添置了笔记本电脑(可以解决数码相机内存不够的问题还可以打游戏!),电动气泵,帐篷内的heater等等小电器,生活一下子就丰富多了!
野营的菜谱
野营的菜谱可是一个见仁见智的问题了,因为一说到吃就一定是众口难调。首先要说明的是,人在野外不可能吃的像在家里一样舒服,也不可能想吃什么就可以吃什么。基本上能够解决饥饿问题,营养平衡问题,不太难吃也就罢了。主要还是要以方便食品和成品为主,要适当的补充一些蔬菜,水果和果汁。以下的食谱是我们几年来不断改进得来的,但还是不很满意,大家将就着看吧。
早餐:
主食:烤面包,方便米粉或方便面
副食:煎鸡蛋或水煮蛋,烤香肠,蔬菜沙拉
小食:果酱,黄油或酸奶酪
早餐的特点就是要比较快,而且清晨一般天气都比较冷,所以煮点热汤还是很好的。
午餐:
一般午餐时间都在玩的地方,如果附近有餐厅可以吃顿好的,如果是在山上湖里什么的,我通常是准备的三明治,冷着吃问题也不大。
当然还可以在风景好的地方来个烧烤野餐,我通常喜欢两种烧烤的方法,不妨和大家分享一下:
a. 西式的。以腌制好的鸡翅,猪排,牛眼,香肠,鱼为主,附加一些蔬菜,象将青椒和蘑菇切丁穿串是很好的。可以选择自己腌,不过我试了几次都不是很理想,所以改为买现成的了。Save on food,Yaohan,Supermarket 2000都有买自己研制好新鲜的,我喜欢几乎Yaohan的所有品种包括鲭鱼,Save on food的辣鸡翅也很好吃,都不贵而且都包装好了,可以现吃现买。火碳烧烤乐园的也不错,就是价钱有点贵。美国的很多超市里也有买的,仔细找可以找到。有个小tip,如果怕滴很多的油不好清洗锅的话,可以在铁篦子上铺一层锡纸,这样就不会太脏了。
b. 中式的。还记得北京的烤羊肉串吗?我是一想起来就很激动的,所以决定自己动手丰衣足食。需要的原料包括:羊肉(可以在Save on food买到一两斤一块的好羊肉),猪肉(发现叉烧肉最好,有肥有瘦),鸡肉,鸡心,鸡胗,都切成见方的小丁,穿在长竹签上,撒上盐腌着。到吃的时候再撒上孜然辣椒茉(在Save on food有卖),那噼噼啪啪滴油的声音和阵阵肉香,再配上啤酒,真过瘾的好象回到了北京!
注意不要光吃肉,还要吃点主食,路上闹了肚子可不是好玩的。
晚餐:
主食:方便米或方便面
副食:鸡蛋炒西红柿,烤香肠,烤肉,蔬菜沙拉或炒青菜
汤: 蔬菜汤或番茄汤
为了多吃一些蔬菜,可以在面里煮一些。野外虽然可以炒菜,但火毕竟不是很旺,很复杂的菜式不太容易实现。所以将就一点,只要饱了就可以了。
喜欢晚上喝些茗茶,可以美容也可以驱寒呀。
温哥华附近推荐的宿营地
以下是一些非常常用而且有效的加拿大及美国国家公园和省立公园的连接,基本上可以覆盖温哥华附近所有可以预约的国营宿营地的联系方式。如果详加研究,基本上可以解决大多数旅程安排问题。请一定收藏,做明年出游之用,老实讲这些连接可比topjun的游记有帮助的多!
美国国家公园
http://www.nps.gov
美国国家公园宿营地预定系统
http://reservations.nps.gov/search.cfm
美国森林公园宿营地预定系统
http://www.reserveusa.com/camping/
麻省公园
http://www.mass.gov/dem/forparks.htm
加拿大国家公园
http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/alphap2e.htm
来源: 枫下论坛
在以前写的一些关于温哥华附近的旅游景点的介绍和自己的游记中,细心的朋友可以发现我很少住旅馆,大多以野营为主。其实野营在北美的土地上是非常流行,方便而又便宜的住宿方式,很多的美国和加拿大人都是这样度过自己的假期的。野营的好处多多,第一可以回归自然,摆脱城市里工作环境的困扰,呼吸一下野外的新鲜空气,活动一下有易身体健康;第二,北美地广人稀,大多的旅游是围绕国家和省立公园的自然景观,而很明显的,在这样的地方camping会比住旅馆更能体会旅游的乐趣;第三,世界上可能没有那里比北美的野营系统更完备,管理的更系统,不论是从网上还是高速公路上,还是当地的information center,你都可以很轻易的获得详尽的资料;第四,北美的野营地星罗棋布,游人多的地方更是三步一岗,五步一哨的,可能一点不比找旅馆的灵活性差,而且环境的舒适度也还不错;最后也是最经典的原因就是 —— 便宜呀!一家大小或一众朋友一个晚上的住宿可能也不会超过二三十的,住旅馆可能就不只一两百了吧。为了实现走遍四方的理想,我们也要把野营行动进行到底!
以下是我几年来的一些经验和大家分享,主要是以一般的旅游野营为主,没有介绍太多back country hiker,RV和专业登山野营的内容。我个人认为以下的内容对于没有野营经验的朋友可能帮助最大,其中还有一些很好的tips,如果有经验的朋友不辞辛苦的看了全文觉得不很满意,热烈欢迎加以指正,我先谢谢了。
宿营地的分类
宿营地的分类其实并不是很复杂,而且基本上北美的标准是通用统一的,通常分为以下几类:
1. frontcountry camping
是指可以开车进入的宿营地,每个site都有一个到两个停车位,宿营者可以带比较齐全的宿营装备,因为携带和装运非常方便。分为tent site和RV site,tent site一般比较小不能停放大型的RV。
价格:加拿大 带shower 18.50,通常 8.00 - 12.00
美国 10 - 16 美金
2. walkin
顾名思义是没有停车位的宿营地,可能离大路很近,但由于比较深入树林,所以车开不进去,车位通常会在路边。其实与frontcountry camping的区别不大,只是搬运东西比较麻烦,价格会便宜一些。但要注意,有些宿营地的walkin site可能很远,是界于frontcountry camping和backcountry camping之间,注意看好说明。
价格:加拿大 带shower 15,通常 8.00 - 12.00
3. backcountry camping
是指车辆不可能到达的宿营地。通常这样的宿营地是为野外过夜的hiker准备的,会在丛林或雪山的trail旁边,设施相对简陋收费低廉,按人头儿收费,有时可能不收费。因为需要hiking进入,不能携带很多的装备,一切以轻便为宜,但是我见过的hiker可还是都背着半人多高的大背包呢。
价格:加拿大 0 - 5 一人
4. group camping
是集体宿营地。一般的规模都至少容纳10-20帐篷,没有很独立的site分界,大家就很亲热的挤在一起。通常大的宿营地会有一到几个集体宿营地,平均下来的收费比独立的site要低廉很多。
价格:加拿大 20 - 50
5. winter frontcountry camping
很多的宿营地是不提供冬天服务的,大多冬天就关闭了。不过有一些地方的尤其是冬天有cross country开放的地方,宿营地一般还是有服务的,但我没有去过,具体情况没有全面的了解。
价格:加拿大 10
6. cabin
cabin就是小木屋,不是每一个营地都有,以私人营地的居多。cabin的价格比camping稍贵,在30-60的样子。cabin分为独间和双间的,当然还有更大的,有床但没有被褥,有些有简单的家具,经常在屋檐下还会有个秋千似的吊椅,也挺有情趣的。
宿营地的基本设施
包括一块相对封闭平坦,干燥的地方,周围通常有大树环绕;一个到两个野餐桌,桌子和椅子是一体的;一个生火的篝火台;有些设备非常齐全的营地还会有电的供应,主要是提供RV充电的。每个营地按照区域划分都会有数个洗手间,可以是带热水shower的,shower在加拿大大多免费,美国的营地一定要收费,一般有电的供应;也可能是冲水的洗手间只提供冷水;还有些是dry toilet,就是不能冲水也不可以洗手的。一般厕所都有卫生纸提供。营地中还会有数个打水的地方,可能是水龙头,也可能是轧水的水井。一定会有一些垃圾箱,只有人类可以使用,动物是打不开的。大的营地还会有露天剧场,夏天的时候天黑之后每天都会有活动,大多以公园介绍为主。如果营地提供RV服务,就通常有sani station是为RV排泄污物的。私人的营地还经常有游泳池和洗衣间,play ground。每个营地夏天的时候都有camping host,就是一家常年在这个营地居住的营民,如果有关于营地的问题,或出现紧急情况,可以到host处寻求帮助。
通常营地的注册方式
a. 营地有gate service,就是在进入营地之前要先登记交钱,然后管理员给你一套营地的介绍,包括注意事项和地图,有时会要求你在进入营地之前选好位置,通常是在地图上将剩下的营地标出来,让你选一个。然后填好表包括你的名字,住址和车的牌照,他再给你两张收据表明了你离开的日期,一个放在营地的小牌子上,一个挂在车上。如果需要继续住下去,可以第二天清晨再重新注册,你对这个位置有优先的保留权。注意:一般的营地最多可以住14天,一个营地可以搭两个帐篷,放两辆车,住四个人,如果人多一些需要另收费。
b. 营地没有收费处,自己注册。这样的营地更为多见,通常的情况在营地的大门口的公告牌上面密密麻麻的列出那些营地是空的,那些有人。你可以自己拿份地图选上一个,或者开车进去挨个看看,找到一个心宜的放下点东西占上,然后回来填表,并将正好的零钱放在营地准备的信封里封好,投进收费箱。当然有些地方(以加拿大居多)是要等晚上6点左右会有巡逻员开车来,挨家挨户的收钱,这样的可以找零,也挺方便的。
c. 如果你是晚上到达的,通常Ranger已经下班了,可以先self register,第二天早上再交钱也可以的。
d. Group campground通常只有大的营地才有,而且也只有几处而已,一般都需要事先预定。
e. 每个营地的具体规则不同,请在到达时阅读大门前的营地指南。
野营的装备
野营的装备基本上是野营是否成功的基本条件之一,装备不全或装备不当,野营的经历将成为你旅游生涯中痛苦的一页。在选择装备的之前有几点基本原则:
1. 通常同行的人数和情况。一个两个人的家庭和四人有孩子的家庭是不一样的,大人和孩子的用具也有很大的分别。
2. 野营的地点和时间。比如到多雨的地方或山区需要准备雨具,而冬天的野营对装备保温要求很重要。
3. 经济条件。虽然说是一分钱一分货,但平常的野营是不需要价格昂贵的装备的,价格便宜的东东也能达到一定的要求,不用苛求每一件都是最好的,我知道很多男生都有这样的怪癖。:)
4. 旅行用车的大小直接决定了可以携带的野营装备的多少和大小。短期旅行(两三天)与长期旅行需要的空间是不同的,短期旅行需要至少多一个座位大小的空间及后备箱,也就是4人同行至少要可以坐五人的汽车,注意是至少,如果空间大一些会更方便一点;长期旅行需要至少多两个座位大小的空间及后备箱。
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5. 野营的装备一般日用商店都有出售,比如Canadian Tire,Zellers,Sears,Super Store等等,不一定非要到专用品商店去买。而且如果有计划要购买的话,要经常注意各商店的flyer,因为季节性大减价是经常发生的,特别是7-8月份的时候或冬季,很多商店都会有季末清货的活动,打折可以达到50%;也可以到他们的网站上看看,有时商店里不打折,但网上销售是有折扣的,这种情况发生在Sears最多。这个省钱原则通用于以下所有的装备,而且基本上百试百灵。
下面我将逐一介绍需要的具体装备名单:
1. 帐篷
帐篷是非常重要的一环,因为帐篷就是你晚上居住的房子,是挡风遮雨的地方,绝对不能马虎。帐篷通常分为普通夏天用和登山用专业帐篷。普通夏日帐篷是我们在一般商店里经常看到的帐篷,主要按大小分类,即1人用,2-3人用,4-6人用,6-10人的也有;还有单间,双间,内外间之分。普通夏日帐篷通常都是两层的,主体为全封闭的四角或六角的立方体,上面支撑起来尖尖的顶子多为透气的网眼设计,是为了更好的换气和使潮湿的空气散出,潮湿空气的来源多为夜间人体呼出的空气;外边还有一层架在透气顶子的上面,与透气孔有一些距离,不同的帐篷的外层大小不同,可以仅仅遮住顶子,也可以遮住整个帐篷,主要的作用是防雨和保温。每个帐篷都一定有门,有没有窗就不一定了。建议选择有双层门窗的帐篷,好处很多,第一,有纱门的可以更透气且凉快,夏天闷热的时候可以开着外层门休息;第二,可以在不关外层门的时候,防蚊虫进入;如果有窗就更好更方便了。在选择帐篷大小时,为了更加舒适,可以选大一号的,比如:2人选3人的帐篷, 3人选4人的帐篷。如果带着孩子,不想和孩子在一起睡,但又不希望太远照顾不了,可以选择分为两间有格段的帐篷。如果一个人,选择solo的比较实用,轻便而且安装简单,注意很多情况下这种帐篷是没有底的,下雨的时候可能很潮或漏水。大型的帐篷通常是为多口之家准备的,可以在帐篷里处于直立状态,有些还可以搭床,外面有凉棚;很舒适,但安装比较复杂,一般装上就会连续住上几天不换地方。再一种就是纯粹的凉棚,一般搭在餐桌上面,有纱制封闭的和只有顶的两种,都是为白天活动时遮阳避雨用的,晚上不能住人。
不要觉得搭帐篷很费精力,其实熟练了之后大约5分钟之内就可以搞定。注意学习说明书,最好两人合作因为将帐篷撑起的时候是个巧劲儿,一个人比较不容易做到。一般帐篷都带塑料钉子,是为了固定帐篷用的,不要懒惰一定要将四周钉牢,否则一阵大风来,帐篷可就随风东去也... ...
帐篷的价格一般都不便宜,规律是越大功能越全,价格越贵。2人的在40-100,3-4人的在80-200,六人以上的大帐篷通常要200-600左右。我现在用的帐篷是5折40块从Zellers买的四人帐篷,很好用已经三年了还没有任何损坏。
2. 睡袋
睡袋是决定你能否能休息好的关键条件,所以一个好睡袋是很重要的。以前有人问我带个普通的被子去行不行,我的答案是第二天你就会比睡在露天没盖被子还冷。为什么?因为睡袋是防潮的,被子是吸水的。睡袋虽然里面是纯棉材料,但外面通常都有一层不透水的化纤材料,晚上人体呼吸散发的潮气和帐篷外尤其是帐篷上的露水渗进来,都会凝结在睡袋外面;所以经常起来会发现睡袋外面很潮湿,如果是被子有什么后果大家是可以想象的。
睡袋从形状上来分通常为两种,即普通的就是长方形齐肩设计的,没有枕头不能将肩膀封起来;还有就是木乃伊式的,有大帽子,口大腿细,肩膀和头都可以在拉紧带子后被裹起来,保暖性能更好。两种都有二和一设计,就是把两个睡袋拼成一个双人的,购买的时候要注意左右成对的买,不然全一边就合不上了。
睡袋的另一个衡量标准就是耐寒的程度,从零下30度到零上10度的都有,所谓温度就是人睡在里面能承受的外界的最低温度,通常在睡袋的外包装上可以找到。不要以为温度越低的睡袋就越好,重要的是你去那里和你什么季节使用睡袋,如果炎热的夏天夜里还有20度的高温,你裹在零下30度的睡袋里,滋味一定不好过;当然如果不够厚,也是非常难过还可能会生病的。以我个人的在加拿大和美国北方的经验,0度,3.5磅的睡袋是最合适的,至少也要5度的,因为这里夜间的温度总是比较低,尽管白天的温度可能高达30度。如果不过厚可以加一层睡毯,要是热了就不要穿睡衣裤了。:)
另外的一点就是最好买带枕头的睡袋,很多人是不习惯平躺的,如果随身带几个大枕头,可想而知是多么的不方便了。最后一点要考虑的是睡袋的大小,如果可能一定尽量买体积比较小的,你会发现这会节省你很多的空间,当然不能一味求小买个kids用的,睡在不够长的睡袋里面一定苦不堪言。
价格,一般的标准是普通的比木乃伊的便宜,温度高的比温度低的便宜,重量轻的比重的便宜,从20-100多的都有,我是在Sears减价的时候花25块买的0度木乃伊式睡袋,感觉已经十分的满意。
3. 睡垫
睡垫也是很关键的一环,虽然很多的帐篷都是封底的不沾地,但是直接睡在地上不光很冷潮气非常的重,而且因为通常宿营地都是石子地或者不平有树枝的土地,睡在上面就像印度苦行僧练瑜珈一样,不是一般人做得到的。所以我们就有必要准备睡垫,睡垫分为两种,厚泡沫塑料可以卷的单人用垫子,这种主要是为长途 hiking,back country野营的旅者准备的,因为它轻容易携带;但一般的有车族可以使用大一些的充气睡垫,感觉上就和睡在家里的床上差不多了。
分类:充气睡垫分为手动充气即象打自行车气一样的充气,这种非常辛苦,特别是长途旅游每天都换地方的情况下,光充气撒气就可以忙活半个多钟头,人还累个半死;电动充气,是带电泵的那种,很快很好用,充气和撒气都可以使用,但注意要记得充电;另外就是自动充气的,具体工作原理我不是很清楚,没有用过,好像是打开阀门就自动鼓起来,怎么撒气就不明白道理了... ...
注意事项:充气睡垫一般是一面防水,一面柔软的,很重要注意要把防水一面放在和地接触的一面,尽量不要放在很尖利的表面上,因为容易被弄破而漏气。也尽量将睡垫放在帐篷的中央不要紧贴帐篷,上面的一面和睡袋都很容易被渗入的露水打湿,有碍第二日的使用。建议在充气之前将睡垫放入帐篷,又干净又方便。随身带一些睡垫用胶布,以防半路之上不小心将睡垫搞破无计可施。放气的时候尽量将气放干净,这样整理出来的size会小一点。
价格:手动充气睡垫一般在25-30,但要单买气泵;带电泵的睡垫40块左右;自动的更贵些。根据不同size,价格不同,和普通床垫的size是一样标准的。两个人用Queen size非常合适,我用的是在costco 40元买的Queen size带电泵的睡垫,体积比较小。
4. 炊具
吃饭对很多的野营者也是头等大事,设想通常城市旅游是不会宿营的,只有去省立或国立公园才会选择住在山里,虽然可能几十里地之内能找到一两家加油站和便利店,但并不是所有地方都可以找到饭馆餐厅的。所以吃一顿舒服饭菜就一定要自己动手才能丰衣足食。菜谱会在下面的章节介绍,现在就说一下需要的炊具。
a. 炉子。如果不是back country野营我并不提倡生篝火来煮事物做饭,原因很简单麻烦而且不干净,而且只能做些简单的食品,还有可能被烫伤。所以还是应该准备一个自己使得合适的炉子,才能做出自己吃了不会弄坏胃的食品。炉子的种类很多,分为煤气类和碳烧类。碳烧类通常是以做烧烤食品为主,当然也可以烧水和烤面包,但缺点是一定要用煤油浸过的碳才好点燃,热得慢,火息的也慢,造成很大的浪费;而且碳黑弄得到处都是,不论是炉子还是炊具都很难清洗。我推荐煤气类的,准备几个煤气罐什么时候要用随时都可以点火做饭,息火走人;煤气炉也有几种,常见的烧烤炉,可以烤东西吃,但煮水很慢;所以我还买了一种体积很小的架在小煤气罐上的灶眼,使起来很象家里的煤气炉,煮东西就快多了;当然还有二和一扁扁的那种铁制带盖炉子,也很干净方便。觉得大家还是应该在这上破费一点,毕竟一劳永逸。如果出去玩的人多,就要多准备几个炉子,要不就有人要干瞪眼没得吃了。
b. 储物箱。除了有RV的人,没听说谁在车上带个冰箱的,通常的使用都是硬塑料制的储物箱,主要是为了存放容易坏的食品用的。储物箱的保温效果很好,放入冰后,冷藏的效果不比冰箱差。一定要买一个大号的,标准是你的后备箱竖着可以放下。储物箱的选择也有些学问,带轱辘的最好,其次储物箱的侧下方有个排水孔的也很重要,当然最普通的也不是不可以用,这取决于你使什么样的冰。如果短期旅行,可以选择包装好的冰盒,是一种硬塑料扁扁的盒子里面装满了蓝色的液体,这个东东在冰箱里冻一晚可以坚持使用2到3天,没有泄漏问题;如果是长期旅行再使用它就行不通了,因为化了找不到冰箱再冻起来,所以就要用真冰。整块的冰效果比碎冰好,但只要是冰就有化的问题,就有水流得箱子里到处都是的问题,所以如果这个时候有个漏水洞就方便多了,不能将所有的食品都弄出来,倒水再放会去的麻烦了。
c. 带盖的锅是需要一个的,大小和炉子相配就可以了,一定要有塑料把手。如果想喝茶,可以带一个很小号的壶,当然用锅也可以,但总免不了有股油烟味。喜欢炒菜的可以带个小号炒锅,当然和煮东西的锅合而为一也不是不可。盘子碗可以用一次性的,那种比较结实的就可以,这样就省了洗盘子的苦恼。至于叉子筷子是不是一次性的就凭个人喜好了。一把好的刀是必要的,保鲜膜,锅铲,烧烤的夹子,锡纸都是必不可少的。最好带一些保鲜盒,可以放剩下的食物。
5. 灯具
灯具在晚上是很重要的,野外不是城市里,天黑了之后可就只有月光星光了,没有灯基本上没法行动。灯具分两种,手电是用于帐篷里照明,或晚上去洗手间用的,推荐那一种直径10cm的大口手电,光亮照明面积大,而且可以悬挂在帐篷里;另一种灯具是室外照明的,比如回营地晚了要做饭,或者天黑了还有力气玩玩牌,再或者想到湖边看看月光,都可以选择一种煤气灯,体积小象上面提过的单灶一样是架在煤气罐上的,小巧轻便而且还很亮,可以提着到处走还不用担心烫手。前者大约5-10元一个,配一个电池;后者要20-40一个,品牌不同,价格不一。
6. 雨具
这里说的雨具不仅仅指雨伞,主要指的是雨布。雨布是塑料的,四面有打好的孔,大小尺寸都有。如果在多雨的地方或者是山里宿营,准备一块雨布是很必要的,可以使你能够白天在外面生火做饭,晚上在帐篷里高枕无忧。雨布是要挂在树上的,所以要搭好还有些学问,树的距离不能太远,撑起来的时候也要保持一定的角度,否则积水多了不负重荷会掉下来的。一般一块大尺寸的雨布也就20几块而已,不过你确定一定没有雨,也可以忽略不记。
7. 椅子
为什么需要椅子我就不说了。一定要折叠的,我推荐那种可以折成一个圆棍的最方便,也最省地方。最好要有扶手的,可以一边烤火,一边喝茶,因为旅行椅的把手上都有放杯子的地方。当然是不是很舒服也很重要。通常15-30一把,我觉得15块的就不错,在Zellers有卖。
8. 点火的工具
点火的工具不仅是指点做饭用的炉子的火,主要是指的篝火。必备的用具有,点火器带长柄的那一种,不要用打火机,不方便也不安全;助燃剂,可以帮助快速点燃木头和碳;斧子适用于砍木头用的,如果没有可以管别人借,一般常出来玩的都有。
9. 塑料布及垃圾袋
塑料布是指铺在餐桌上的布,因为公园里的餐桌多多少少都不是很干净,铺上点看着心里舒服;另外,如果在草地上野餐也可以用的上。垃圾袋是一定要带的,没有垃圾袋的后果极其严重,会把你的营地和车都弄得很脏。
10. 绳子
绳子不是总用的上,但带一些已备不时之需。比如要搭雨布的时候,或者睡袋的带子坏了要捆一捆,公园没有食品柜可又要防熊需要将食品挂起来的时候,甚至如果有人掉到了水里需要拉一把等等,总之用绳子的地方非常的多就不一一例举了。淡然提到了绳子就不要忘带剪子了呀。
11. 药品
药品的适当携带很重要,建议长途旅行要带一个小急救包。一般的感冒药,胃药,止泻药,外伤药和防蚊虫药都应该带一点,当然通常每个营地都会有host或巡逻员,如果需要帮助找他们也是可以的。
野营的注意事项
野营方方面面要注意的事情很多,估计大家也没指望我一次列全,所以我想到多少就说多少吧。
1. 安全问题
大家出去野营虽然一方面是为了省钱,但大多数的原因还是为了娱乐自己,接近大自然。所以就不能持一种将生死置之度外的态度,还是谨慎些比较好,野外生活,安全第一。以下是一定要注意的几点安全问题:
a. 将食物妥善保管,不要外露,小心熊和危险动物。几乎所有杂食和肉食的野生动物都喜欢人类的垃圾,也就是说你扔了不吃的东西,他们都非常的喜欢。所以你的所有食物,食物箱和炊具都应该在使用完了之后收回车的后背箱里,或高高的挂在树上,或存放在公园的食物铁箱里,不能外露,不论是白天还是晚上。所有产生的食物垃圾,都要及时收拾好扔到附近的垃圾桶里(垃圾桶一般都是设计为只有人才会使用的)。特别是公园通知有熊或者山狮的情况下,更要将哪怕鞋子也要收到帐篷里去。这绝对是为了游人和动物两方面着想,人受了伤害固然不好,但吃了垃圾的熊会被处死,还有些可怜的鹿也因为吃了人类丢弃的塑料袋而病死。所以这是首当其冲要注意的。
b. 遇到了熊怎么办?其实我也没有好办法,据说最重要的是不能转身跑,因为熊见你害怕就会扑上来,而最快的短跑运动员也是跑不过看上去笨笨的狗熊的。而且他们还会爬树,也不怕下河,所以总而言之如果遇到想侵犯你的熊好像也就无路可逃了。这是宣传手册上写的... ...可能大叫有用,不过还是不要遇到的好... ... < r o l i a. n e t >
c. 遇到其他的动物也不要招惹,因为基本上你都不是对手。不要看鹿呀,羊呀都挺老实,你别惹他,它踢你一脚就够你歇半年的。据说看上去好温柔的水牛,也要有1 吨多重,被踩一脚或撞一下就没命了。我倒不是说各位会对他们如何如何,只是希望大家看好自己的孩子不要受到伤害,远远的看看就得了。
d. 如果去hiking,最好不要一个人,至少两个人才可以互相帮助。不要走不是trail的路,也尽量不要夜间在不熟悉的trail上乱走。
e. 不要轻易下湖游泳,因为通常湖水是雪山融水很凉,没有足够的准备会遇到危险。
f. 划船尽量穿救生衣。
g. 一定不要在帐篷里引火,因为帐篷大多是纤维材料的,遇热遇火都非常容易损坏。
2. 卫生问题
出门在外,身体健康是最重要的,病了当然没有玩的乐趣了。以下几点卫生问题值得提醒。
a. 小心用水。一般设施比较好的营地是提供食用水的,打水的时候要注意牌子上是不是食用水。如果注明不是,就一定要做开了再喝,或者用野营的专用过滤器过滤。卫生间里的水,小溪里的水,山泉都是不能食用的。
b. 注意食物的保鲜问题,经常换冰,怀疑不新鲜的食品一定不可以食用。密封好,注意生熟分开。
c. 定期洗澡,一般设施好的营地都有shower。如果几天之内都没有遇到带shower的营地,可以在附近的城镇找coin shower店,或者各大公园的information center都有这方面的介绍。
d. 洗衣店基本城镇或私人营地都有,价格合理,有两个小时就可以解决问题。
3. 生火问题
生篝火首先需要木材,现在基本上没有公园提供免费的了,加拿大和美国都是一样。木头可以在公园附近的便利店买,自己带,或者向一些到晚间开车来公园的宿营地买木头的人买,注意不到在四周拣树枝来烧,通常这种行为是会被因为破坏环境而禁止的。一般公园附近的便利店都比较贵,一兜木头大约5块左右。选的时候一定要注意挑选干的,湿的点不着还冒很大的烟。如果一兜木头里没有特别细的木条,别忘了管店主要一些,那叫starter,没有那个一根大木头如何能点着呢?... ...这时你需要斧子和男生了,叫他们劈木头去。木头大小合适后,找一块大点的石头放在火坛中央,将木头码在四周,要流些空隙进空气,再浇上助燃剂,用纸呀什么的引火,运气好的话现在就该着了。过一段加一些木头,烤烤火其乐无穷呀。烤火的好处多多,晚上驱了寒气,又防了蚊虫,晾晾湿了的毛巾袜子,还可以烤几个老玉米,聊聊天增进感情,真是不错呀!
注意只能在公园为每个营地提供的火坛上才可以生火。篝火不能无人看管,在进帐篷休息之前一定要彻底熄灭,要不然点了山火可是了不得的!
4. 如何选择营地地点
虽然到过许多的宿营地,但也不敢妄说自己就很精通此道,只能表达一下我的意见。
在你到达了一处没有到过的营地之前,如果有可能应该先找营地的地图大致看一下,一般从internet上都可以找得到。营地的大小,位置,尤其是设施是应该有所了解的。以下几点供大家参考:
a. 营地的选择要和你的旅行路线搭配。因为营地是你第二天出发的地方,所以营地的选择要为第二天的路程做准备。大致上是两种情况,其一就是一天玩到天黑,到达一天行程的最终点安营扎寨,不走任何的冤枉路,但这种情况一定要有良好的安排,最好提前预定并且确定自己可以到达;另一种就是一天中早些时间到达重要景点的宿营地,然后就在附近玩一天或几天再出发。大体上顺不顺路很重要,身体情况可要考虑进去。
b. 营地的位置是不是足够多,是不是需要预定。夏天时候很多地方的营地相当抢手,预定是一个比较保险的选择,虽然要多花几块钱,但放心还是最重要的,而且很多营地象Mountain Rainier就是非预定不能入住。如果预定不到,或此处不能预定如何办呢?我们就要奉行先到先得的原则,趁早杀过去,不过这样的保险系数就大为降低了。
c. 营地设施如何。当然营地的设施越好价格就越贵,可是也就越舒服。我倾向于好的营地,钱多不了几刀,但是可以洗个热水澡才可以睡个好觉是不是?冲水的洗手间对我也很重要,至少味道不会太臭,如果能有暖气什么的就更加好了!当然,我的最底线是至少有食用水和可以生火,这样即使水没有烧太开也不至于喝了闹肚子,而且我总觉得不能点火算什么野营。
5. 如何选择营地
一个营地通常小的有十几个site,大的有上千,如何选一个自己喜欢的呢?其实这个问题在繁忙的夏季可能根本不是一个问题,因为空闲的site很少更不用说挑挑拣拣的了,但如果是在平常的时间也许还有的商量,所以能挑到一个好的site也是挺不错的一件事。
以下介绍一下我选择site的一些标准:
a. 根据同行的人数多少选择site的大小。很多营地的site大小是不同的,尤其是很多美国的营地分得非常的细致,例如是可以放一辆车的还是两辆车的,是不是可以多于两个人居住,而且还会因为site的大小收费不同。好像加拿大的情况没有那样复杂,总之不能选择太小的,住不下就糟糕了。
b. 尽量选择封闭性比较好的。封闭性比较好就不会很吵闹,也不会担心换衣服被人家吃豆腐,弄得连帐篷的门都不知道向那里开好。
c. 我个人喜欢离洗手间比较近的,但不要紧挨洗手间。最好离打水的地方也不要太远,当然这样的问题可以放在后面考虑,因为要男生不就是打水劈柴的吗?!还有就是要注意营地是不是比较平坦,平坦一点不会睡觉的时候头重脚轻;是不是特别潮湿,如果是很容易发生第二天所有的家当都湿了的后果。在搭帐篷之前,最好将地上的尖石头踢走,以防弄坏床垫。
d. 距离公路,铁路和溪流比较远的。这个原因就比较简单了,是为了晚上能睡个好觉才要避免这种比较吵的地方。当然你说我就喜欢小溪潺潺的,我也没有办法。
e. 尽量不要选一群年轻人作邻居。不是说我们要脱离群众,实在是他们一般不闹到深夜不睡觉的,明天一大早就要起床,怎么受得来他们的摇滚乐和没完没了的笑声呢?当然一般营地有静夜的规定,但人家深夜喝酒聊天你也不能将人家踢出去是不是?虽然我们有时也这样很招人讨厌的...:)
6. 衣物的携带
吃穿住行,吃的问题固然重要,衣物的问题也是不容忽视的。如果你是在北美的北边野营,当然阿拉斯加不算(那里太冷了),即使是夏季也要准备好一些厚的衣物,象薄棉大衣,旅行毯都是很必要的。五,六月份和九月及以后一定要带棉衣或厚毛衣,因为即使是白天都有可能在15度之下,更不要说晚上了。最热的七八月,也至少要一件薄大衣最好是那种绒的,象banff和黄石公园这样的山区,白天可能30度高温,但晚上有可能低于0度。这样的经验在我去黄石公园的时候有过数次,最后我将毛裤都穿上了也没有觉得非常温暖。当然,这些都和计划要去的地方有直接的关系,但多准备一点不会有错。
换洗的内衣袜子一定要带充分,毛巾和卫生用品也是必不可少的。通常带的所有衣物不用超过一周的准备,因为在北美找洗衣房非常的便利。
帽子是必备的,白天可以遮阳,晚上可以御寒。如果登山建议带个厚一点的帽子和登山鞋。墨镜和防晒油也是不能少的,要不然一冬天的美白成果就都报销了。女生的高跟鞋和裙子就不用带了,反正任何情况下也用不到。所以,一般来讲女生旅游时的照片都不会非常的美丽的... ...
7. 行的问题
行的问题可以分为三大方面:
a. 车的选择。
车的选择其实是没的选择,因为你就只有这么一辆破车,没法凭空变出一辆四驱对不对呢?所以首选是你自己的车,但要看看是不是坐得下准备去的人,车能不能跑长途,BCAA买了没有(当然可以现买),如果以上有不成立者就只能放弃了。其次是蹭朋友的车,但要看朋友愿不愿意去,还有够不够磁,如果人家看不上你可是不能成行的。最后的一条路就是租车,只要有驾照和钱一般都是可以的(好像21岁之下的有所限制),根据同行的人数决定租车的大小,我认为在够坐的条件下对车的唯一要求就是马力够大。为什么呢?因为很多情况下的旅行都是要走山路的,主要就是说上坡,如果你和我一样只有Honda Civic,那对不起了,一遇到长过100米的上坡它就开始匀速60公里再也不能快了,即使是在时速120的公路上,她也会很丢脸的慢吞吞不肯动,这时我总是想美国车再烂也至少很有劲呀!不过,不论如何我的小青马也载我千山万水了,我们的感情很深呢!
除非你需要去非常地带,没有柏油路的地方,就像四驱广告里的那种地方,一般的去处都不一定要底盘很高的车。其实大多数情况以高速公路为主,即使公园里的路95%以上也是柏油路面的,一般的车都可以用,我觉得最实用的是旅行车,四驱或mini van,因为空间很大,乘坐的也比较舒适。好像比较长的旅行车还可以躺平睡觉。
b. 司机和向导。
如果是长途旅行,我建议最好至少是两个人,一个人开长途车既辛苦也比较的无趣。如果人多一点,比如三到四个人就更好些,可以轮流开车,而且总可以保持一个清醒的向导。为了驾驶的安全,我建议司机旁边的位置上应该是向导,向导不能睡觉,这样会很影响司机情绪,要陪司机说说话,也不会错过路口。尽量避免夜间开车。
c. 车内空间的使用。 { 枫下论坛 rolia.net/forum }
车内空间的使用的基本规则在上边已经交待过了。还有些补充就是,东西一定要尽量带全,但每样装备的大小尽可能的小,在出发之前最好先装装试试,以防出发之前才发现放不下。如果发现车内实在没有空间了,可以选择加装架在车顶的旅行箱,也是一个解决方案。注意易燃品象煤气罐,助燃液的安全。
8. 吃的问题
吃什么的问题,我会在下面的菜谱中介绍,在这里只想说几个细节。
a. 常备一些瓶装水,在路上饮用,和备不时之需。
b. 野炊之后,洗刷碗筷是不可以在食用水龙头和洗手间里做的。一般洗手间的中间位置有一个小屋子有上下水供应,那里是专门为刷锅洗碗预备的。
c. 如果想吃米饭,可以用电饭锅在洗手间里煮,我见过有人这样做,但要一直看着。也可以用方便米代替。
d. 可以买一个塑料可折叠的水桶,一次将水打满,既可以食用,也可以用来洗漱非常方便。
e. 过关的时候要注意,很多种的蔬菜和水果是不能携带的。保险起见,最好连肉食也不要带。其实,美国的食品很便宜,虽然没有太多的中国食品,但填满肚子还是绰绰有余的。另,啤酒和鸡蛋是绝对的美国价廉物美呀!
9. 可以携带的小电器
一般出去旅游,总不会忘了带个摄像机,数码相机一类的小电器。短途旅行就罢了,可以带一块备用电池,但如果是长途旅行就会有些不方便。建议买一个车用 12V转110V电压的转换器,可以接在汽车的点烟器上,输出的功率可以在300W之内,当然要在车点着火的时候使用。有了电压转换器之后,我们就添置了笔记本电脑(可以解决数码相机内存不够的问题还可以打游戏!),电动气泵,帐篷内的heater等等小电器,生活一下子就丰富多了!
野营的菜谱
野营的菜谱可是一个见仁见智的问题了,因为一说到吃就一定是众口难调。首先要说明的是,人在野外不可能吃的像在家里一样舒服,也不可能想吃什么就可以吃什么。基本上能够解决饥饿问题,营养平衡问题,不太难吃也就罢了。主要还是要以方便食品和成品为主,要适当的补充一些蔬菜,水果和果汁。以下的食谱是我们几年来不断改进得来的,但还是不很满意,大家将就着看吧。
早餐:
主食:烤面包,方便米粉或方便面
副食:煎鸡蛋或水煮蛋,烤香肠,蔬菜沙拉
小食:果酱,黄油或酸奶酪
早餐的特点就是要比较快,而且清晨一般天气都比较冷,所以煮点热汤还是很好的。
午餐:
一般午餐时间都在玩的地方,如果附近有餐厅可以吃顿好的,如果是在山上湖里什么的,我通常是准备的三明治,冷着吃问题也不大。
当然还可以在风景好的地方来个烧烤野餐,我通常喜欢两种烧烤的方法,不妨和大家分享一下:
a. 西式的。以腌制好的鸡翅,猪排,牛眼,香肠,鱼为主,附加一些蔬菜,象将青椒和蘑菇切丁穿串是很好的。可以选择自己腌,不过我试了几次都不是很理想,所以改为买现成的了。Save on food,Yaohan,Supermarket 2000都有买自己研制好新鲜的,我喜欢几乎Yaohan的所有品种包括鲭鱼,Save on food的辣鸡翅也很好吃,都不贵而且都包装好了,可以现吃现买。火碳烧烤乐园的也不错,就是价钱有点贵。美国的很多超市里也有买的,仔细找可以找到。有个小tip,如果怕滴很多的油不好清洗锅的话,可以在铁篦子上铺一层锡纸,这样就不会太脏了。
b. 中式的。还记得北京的烤羊肉串吗?我是一想起来就很激动的,所以决定自己动手丰衣足食。需要的原料包括:羊肉(可以在Save on food买到一两斤一块的好羊肉),猪肉(发现叉烧肉最好,有肥有瘦),鸡肉,鸡心,鸡胗,都切成见方的小丁,穿在长竹签上,撒上盐腌着。到吃的时候再撒上孜然辣椒茉(在Save on food有卖),那噼噼啪啪滴油的声音和阵阵肉香,再配上啤酒,真过瘾的好象回到了北京!
注意不要光吃肉,还要吃点主食,路上闹了肚子可不是好玩的。
晚餐:
主食:方便米或方便面
副食:鸡蛋炒西红柿,烤香肠,烤肉,蔬菜沙拉或炒青菜
汤: 蔬菜汤或番茄汤
为了多吃一些蔬菜,可以在面里煮一些。野外虽然可以炒菜,但火毕竟不是很旺,很复杂的菜式不太容易实现。所以将就一点,只要饱了就可以了。
喜欢晚上喝些茗茶,可以美容也可以驱寒呀。
温哥华附近推荐的宿营地
以下是一些非常常用而且有效的加拿大及美国国家公园和省立公园的连接,基本上可以覆盖温哥华附近所有可以预约的国营宿营地的联系方式。如果详加研究,基本上可以解决大多数旅程安排问题。请一定收藏,做明年出游之用,老实讲这些连接可比topjun的游记有帮助的多!
美国国家公园
http://www.nps.gov
美国国家公园宿营地预定系统
http://reservations.nps.gov/search.cfm
美国森林公园宿营地预定系统
http://www.reserveusa.com/camping/
麻省公园
http://www.mass.gov/dem/forparks.htm
加拿大国家公园
http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/alphap2e.htm
来源: 枫下论坛
Golden Ears Provincial Park
Government Link
Attention Visitors - Important Notice!
Please note - the method of campground payment for a first-come-first-serve campsite is cash only. We do not accept credit cards, cheques or debit.
Gold Creek and Alouette sites:
Vehicle Accessible Camping Fee: $24.00 per party /night
BC Senior's Rate (Shoulder Season only): $12.00 per senior's couple/night
Winter Vehicle Accessible Camping Fee: $10.00 per party / night
Total Number of Vehicle Accessible Campsites:
Alouette = 205
Gold Creek = 148
North Beach = 55
Number of Reservable Campsites, if applicable: (all remaining sites are first-come, first-served)
Alouette = 83
Gold Creek = 74
North Beach = 34
Note: The above information is for the campground only. Park users can still walk into the park if conditions such as weather permit. Check the "Attention Visitor Notice" above for park alerts.
Mike Lake Trail: Main Corral to Mike Lake. Horse and hiking trail (4.2 kilometres; suggested hiking time: 2 hours; elevation change: 100 metres).
Incline Trail: Mike Lake to Alouette Mountain Fire Access Trail. Horse and hiking trail (1.2 kilometres; suggested hiking time: 1 hour; elevation change: 150 metres). This steep trail follows the “Incline” that was once used by loggers as a route to skyline huge logs down to Mike Lake from the trailhead. This shortcut eliminated 5 kilometres of the railroad haul down the mountain.
Alouette Mountain Hiking Trail: Top of Incline Trail via Alouette Mountain Fire Access Trail (10 kilometres; suggested time: 5 hours; elevation change: 1,000 metres). The panoramic view from Alouette Mountain is spectacular. For many hikers the highlight of the trail is the virgin stands of mountain hemlock and yellow cedar. The return trip to Alouette Mountain can take up to 9 or 10 hours. Be sure to carry water in dry weather and expect snow well into June. This trail is a strenuous hike requiring experience and proper equipment.
Alouette Mountain Fire Access Trail: Top of Incline Trail to destination northeast of Lake Beautiful (7.3 kilometres; elevation change: 400 metres). The trail follows the old fire access road through subalpine forest and eventually through a “blowdown” area caused by Typhoon Freda in 1962.
Menzies Trail: Park headquarters to Gold Creek parking lot. Horse, bicycling and hiking trail (9 kilometres; suggested hiking time: 4 1/2 hours; elevation change: minimal). Lookout and Loop Trails: Parkway via Lookout Trail to Lookout and return to parkway via Loop Trail (2.5 kilometres; suggested hiking time: 1 hour; elevation change: 75 metres). Park at Spirea Universal Access Nature Trail parking lot.
Viewpoint Trail: West Canyon parking lot to Lake Viewpoint (1.5 kilometres; suggested hiking time: 3/4 hour; elevation change: 175 metres). Good views. In wetter seasons a picturesque waterfall tumbles down a cliff just beyond the Lake Viewpoint.
West Canyon Trail (Golden Ears Trail): West Canyon parking lot to Alder Flats. Hiking trail only (5 kilometres; suggested time: 2 1/2 hours; elevation change: 250 metres). Trail follows an old logging grade for 3.2 kilometres then swings uphill. At this point a short trail drops downhill to Lower Falls.
Golden Ears Trail: West Canyon parking lot to summit of North Ear. Hiking trail only (12 kilometres; suggested time: 7 hours; elevation change: 1,500 metres). Follow the West Canyon Trail from the parking lot to Alder Flats. Beyond Alder Flats the trail switchbacks upward on an old logging road then heads steeply uphill to Panorama Ridge. Most of the elevation gain is made in this stretch. Listen for the nasal squeak of pikas in the rock slides. Impressive view of Pitt Lake to the west and mountains to the east and north are possible from Panorama Ridge. The ascent of the North Ear is made from the left (east) side across a permanent snowfield. Extreme caution is advised and proper equipment is recommended. Drinking water may be scarce in dry weather between Alder Flats and the snowfield. The round trip to Golden Ears is an overnight expedition for all but the fittest hikers. Overnight camping areas are located at Alder Flats and on Panorama Ridge around the mountain shelter which, itself, can accommodate up to 8 people. Expect snow on Panorama Ridge into July. This trail is long and strenuous and should only be attempted by experienced, well-equipped backcountry travellers. No open fires are permitted in the backcountry.
Lower Falls Trail: Gold Creek parking lot to Lower Falls. Hiking trail only (2.7 kilometres; suggested time: 1 hour; elevation change: minimal). A very popular, easy walk along Gold Creek to the 10-metre high Lower Falls. A beach area halfway to the falls is a good spot for a picnic or a sunbathe. Some of the best scenery in the park is visible just beyond.
Tuesday, June 24, 2008
L2TPclient on FortiOS
Case 1: Static
--net150--FGT85---net89---ROUTER27----net130---FGT60--net110---
config system interface
edit "internal"
set vdom "root"
set ip 8.8.130.60 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess ping https ssh snmp http telnet
set type physical
set l2tp-client enable
config l2tp-client-settings
set defaultgw enable
set password adsl
set peer-host "172.18.9.85"
set user "adsl"
end
next
end
FGT-602803033467 #
config router static
edit 1
set device "internal"
set gateway 8.8.130.2
next
end
FGT-602803033467 # get router info routing-table all
Codes: K - kernel, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, B - BGP
O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [2/0] via 10.10.10.100, ppp0
C 8.8.110.0/24 is directly connected, vlan110
C 8.8.130.0/24 is directly connected, internal
C 10.10.10.100/32 is directly connected, ppp0
is directly connected, ppp0
FGT-602803033467 # d ip route li
tab=254 vf=0 scope=0 type=1 proto=14 prio=10 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0/0->172.18.9.85/32 pref=0.0.0.0 gwy=8.8.130.2 dev=5(internal) ==> Host route, added by l2tpclient
tab=254 vf=0 scope=253 type=1 proto=2 prio=0 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0/0->8.8.110.0/24 pref=8.8.110.60 gwy=0.0.0.0 dev=13(vlan110)
tab=254 vf=0 scope=0 type=1 proto=11 prio=0 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0/0->0.0.0.0/0 pref=0.0.0.0 gwy=10.10.10.100 dev=12(ppp0)
[defaultgw]
If unset the defaultgw, l2tpclient won't inject a default route with distance 2.
FGT-602803033467 # get router info routing-table all
Codes: K - kernel, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, B - BGP
O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [10/0] via 8.8.130.2, internal ==> config in router static
C 8.8.110.0/24 is directly connected, vlan110
C 8.8.130.0/24 is directly connected, internal
C 10.10.10.101/32 is directly connected, ppp0
is directly connected, ppp0
[distance]
since the static route has default distance as 10, l2tpclient should inject a route with lower distance. 9 works if use static route to get l2tpsrv, not connected route
config l2tp-client-settings
set defaultgw enable
set distance 9
FGT-602803033467 # get router info routing-table all
Codes: K - kernel, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, B - BGP
O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [9/0] via 10.10.10.101, ppp0
C 8.8.110.0/24 is directly connected, vlan110
C 8.8.130.0/24 is directly connected, internal
C 10.10.10.101/32 is directly connected, ppp0
is directly connected, ppp0
Case 2: DHCP mode
Same topo. but FGT60 get the default route from DHCP. Since DHCP injected default route with distance 5, the above setting won't work.
GT-602803033467 # get router info routing-table all
Codes: K - kernel, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, B - BGP
O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [5/0] via 8.8.130.2, internal ==> override l2tpclient route(9)
C 8.8.110.0/24 is directly connected, dmz
C 8.8.130.0/24 is directly connected, internal
C 10.10.10.101/32 is directly connected, ppp0
is directly connected, ppp0
after change the distance value to 4, it works well
FGT-602803033467 # get router info routing-table all
Codes: K - kernel, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, B - BGP
O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [4/0] via 10.10.10.100, ppp0
C 8.8.110.0/24 is directly connected, dmz
C 8.8.130.0/24 is directly connected, internal
C 10.10.10.100/32 is directly connected, ppp0
is directly connected, ppp0
FGT-602803033467 #
Case 3: PPPoE
2 ppp interface get involved. ppp0 and ppp1
FGT-602803033467 # get router info routing-table all
Codes: K - kernel, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, B - BGP
O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [4/0] via 10.10.10.101, ppp1
C 8.8.110.0/24 is directly connected, dmz
C 8.8.130.2/32 is directly connected, ppp0
C 10.10.10.101/32 is directly connected, ppp1
is directly connected, ppp1
C 30.30.30.31/32 is directly connected, ppp0
FGT-602803033467 # d ip route li
tab=254 vf=0 scope=253 type=1 proto=2 prio=0 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0/0->8.8.130.2/32 pref=30.30.30.31 gwy=0.0.0.0 dev=12(ppp0)
tab=254 vf=0 scope=0 type=1 proto=14 prio=10 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0/0->172.18.9.85/32 pref=0.0.0.0 gwy=8.8.130.2 dev=12(ppp0)
tab=254 vf=0 scope=0 type=1 proto=14 prio=253 10.10.10.101/255.255.255.255/0->172.18.9.85/32 pref=0.0.0.0 gwy=8.8.130.2 dev=12(ppp0)
tab=254 vf=0 scope=0 type=1 proto=11 prio=0 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0/0->0.0.0.0/0 pref=0.0.0.0 gwy=10.10.10.101 dev=13(ppp1)
GT-602803033467 # d sniffer pack any icmp 4
interfaces=[any]
filters=[icmp]
1.792248 dmz in 8.8.110.21 -> 8.8.150.85: icmp: echo request
1.792308 ppp1 out 10.10.10.101 -> 8.8.150.85: icmp: echo request
1.796778 ppp1 in 8.8.150.85 -> 10.10.10.101: icmp: echo reply
1.796810 dmz out 8.8.150.85 -> 8.8.110.21: icmp: echo reply
2.793102 dmz in 8.8.110.21 -> 8.8.150.85: icmp: echo request
2.793144 ppp1 out 10.10.10.101 -> 8.8.150.85: icmp: echo request
Wednesday, June 18, 2008
探亲材料:
1. 申请人每人须提供:
1. 两份用英文或法文填写的“临时居民签证申请表”,并签名、注明日期。在每份表格上须亲笔签名。注意:将你雇主的电话和传真号码一并填写在表格第10栏内。
2. 一份用中文及英文,或中文及法文填写的“家属表/教育和就业细节表”,并签名、注明日期。在每份表格上须亲笔签名。
3. 四张在近六个月以内拍摄的护照像尺寸的照片(彩色或黑白均可),并在每张照片的背面用汉语拼音清晰地注明该申请人的姓名和出生日期(依照“日/月/年”的顺序)。
4. 护照或旅行证件的原件,其中必须至少有一页空白页,其有效期至少要持续到你计划从加拿大离境日期后的一个月。
5. 两张写好自己通讯地址的可粘贴标签,将你的姓名、地址和邮政编码用中文填写在上面。
6. 准确数额的申请费。请注意:持外交或公务护照的申请人无需交费,但持因公普通护照或私人护照的申请人需要交费。申请费用详情请见“收费标准”页。
7. 完整的“代理人信息表”(IMM5476E表),如果有其他人帮助你进行申请。
8. 18周岁以下的儿童需要提供父母允许孩子出国的同意书。
私人访问申请人还需提供:
1. 如果你有工作,请提供一份由雇主出具的使用单位抬头信笺的准假信,信中须包含:你的姓名、职务、现在的工资数
额;信中还须用中文注明你雇主的姓名、地址,及电话和传真号码;
2. 如果你已经退休,请提供注明退休金数额的退休证明;
3. 资金证明原件且要反映出资金的积累历史;
4. 在中国的财产证明 (例如: 房产证明、车辆注册证明等) ;
5. 与加拿大邀请人的关系证明 (出生证复印件,结婚证复印件,往来信件证明等等)。
邀请人需提供:
1. 说明访问目的的邀请函;
2. 邀请人的家庭成员名单;
3. 邀请人的公民或移民身份证件复印件 (例如: IMM1000 表、永久居民卡—正反面复印件、学习许可、工作许可);
4. 下列文件的原件:
a) 由加拿大海关和税务总署 (Canada Customs and Revenue Agency) 出据的邀请人及其配偶的税收状况证明;
b) 如受雇,说明邀请人及其配偶收入情况的受雇信;
c) 如在校学习,所在学校出据的录取通知书及成绩单。
照片要求:
4张, 黑白/彩色均可, 背景纯白, 尺寸:35MM x 45MM
TRV 08-2007
注意:如果你在访加期间还打算去美国,你在加拿大停留期内直接从美国再次入境加拿大不需要多次入境签证。
Friday, June 13, 2008
Immigrating Canada
Checklist
1. IMMIGRATION FORMS
Send original forms. Check that they are complete and, where applicable, signed:
Application for Permanent Residence. - This form is completed by you, the principal applicant. X1
Schedule 1. - You and each of your family members 18 years of age or older must complete their own copy of the form Schedule 1 - Background/Declaration. X2
Additional Family Information. - You and each of your family members 18 years of age or older must complete their own copy of this form. X2
Use of a Representative. - If you want us to deal with a representative on your behalf, be sure
you have completed and signed the Use of a Representative form (IMM 5476).
2. IDENTITY AND CIVIL STATUS DOCUMENTS
出生,结婚,户口本 公证
Birth, marriage, final divorce, annulment or separation certificates for you and spouse or commonlaw partner; death certificate for former spouse if applicable. Citizens of the People’s Republic of China should provide a copy of their “hukou”. (need copy of houkou, marriage,birth certificate)
3. CHILDREN’S INFORMATION
Children’s birth certificates (which name their parents); adoption papers for adopted dependent children; proof of custody for children under the age of 18 and proof that the children may be removed from the jurisdiction of the court; if the children will not accompany you to Canada, proof that you have fulfilled any obligation stated in custody agreements. Proof of continuous full-time studies of all dependent children aged 22 or over: complete school records/transcripts since attaining age 22, letters from the school(s) indicating the number of hours of classes attended per day, and the number of days attended per week, and proof of full financial support by parents since reaching age 22. (NOT Applicable)
4. TRAVEL DOCUMENTS AND PASSPORTS
Passports or travel documents for you, your spouse common-law partner and dependent children.
Only include copies of pages showing the passport number, date of issue and expiry, your photo, name, date and place of birth. If you reside in a country different from your nationality include a copy of your visa for the country where you currently reside. Please note that all prospective immigrants must hold a valid regular passport; diplomatic, official, service or public affairs passports are not valid for immigration to Canada. For Taiwan: Household Register and a certified English
translation.--------------copy (1st and 2nd pages)
5. PROOF OF RELATIONSHIP IN CANADA
亲属关系公证, landing paper, PR card,
Proof of relationship to your sponsor in Canada, such as birth, marriage or adoption certificates and proof of that person’s status in Canada; photocopy of the Record of Landing (IMM 1000) or Permanent Resident Card of your sponsor or proof of Canadian citizenship such as photocopy of pages of a Canadian passport or Canadian citizenship card.------copies of citizen and passport
6. POLICE CERTIFICATES AND CLEARANCES
无犯罪公证
Original police certificates of Good Conduct or clearances, from each country/state/territory in which you and everyone in your family aged 18 years or over have resided for six months or longer since reaching the age of 18. You must attach the original police document(s). Instructions on how to obtain Hong Kong Certificates of No Criminal Conviction will be sent to you upon receipt of
your application. If police documents are forwarded to the Consulate by the relevant authorities attach a brief explanatory note to your application. ---original police documents
7. ENGAGEMENT
The original of the Engagement if your intention is to reside in the province of Quebec.
8. ADDRESS IN CHINESE CHARACTERS
Citizens of China must provide their residential address in Chinese characters including their postal code to ensure effective communication with the visa office should the need arise.
9. PHOTO REQUIREMENTS
Supply five (5) recent photos for each member of your family and yourself. Follow the instructions in your guide (see Photos in section on completing the Application for Permanent Residence in Canada) and in Appendix C: Photo Specifications.
Mailing your application
If your application lacks the supporting documents listed above it will be returned to you for completion. Assemble all your documents and your completed application forms. Place them in a sealed envelope and send them to the:
Consulate General of Canada
Immigration Section
G.P.O. Box 11142
Hong Kong
It is very important that you provide on your application form a reliable telephone number - either your own number or that of any representative that you may designate to receive calls on your behalf - and that you report to us in writing any changes in this information that may occur while your application is in process.
If your mailing address is in the People’s Republic of China, your visa(s) will be delivered by DHL Worldwide commercial couriers. DHL will attempt to telephone you or your designated representative prior to delivery to make collection arrangements. If DHL cannot reach you your visa(s) will be returned to us.
Thursday, June 12, 2008
Immigrating to Canada (移民加拿大)
Gov Link
The enclosed instructions and forms have been sent to the principal applicant (you) by the sponsor (a Canadian citizen or permanent resident) who wishes to support the application for permanent residence of a person (you) as a member of the family class. The sponsor agrees to sign a contract (the sponsorship undertaking) by which he or she promises to provide, for a specific number of years, coverage of your basic requirements (food, shelter, clothing, fuel, utilities, household supplies, personal requirements, dental care, eye care and other health care not provided by public health care) and those of your family members who will be accompanying you to Canada. It is important that you familiarize yourself with the contents of this guide before you complete the forms and send them to the visa office indicated on the correspondence included with your application package.
--申请表格由sponser负责给申请人。
A number of factors could have an impact on the outcome of your application or the time needed to process it. There can be no guarantee that the sponsorship will be approved or that the visas will be issued. A list of common factors that can slow down processing of applications has been provided to your sponsor.
Who can use this application package?
The application for permanent residence of persons who are members of the family class may be sponsored. In order to use this application package, you must, with respect to the sponsor, be
* his or her father or mother,
* his or her grandfather or grandmother,
* a child he or she adopted outside Canada or intends to adopt in Canada,
* his or her brother, sister, nephew, niece, grandson or granddaughter, and be an orphan, under the age of 18 and not a spouse or common-law partner,
* his or her relative, regardless of your age, if the sponsor does not have a spouse, common-law partner, conjugal partner, son, daughter, mother, father, brother, sister, grandfather, grandmother, uncle, aunt, nephew or niece, who is a Canadian citizen, Indian or permanent resident or whose application for permanent residence in Canada he or she could sponsor.
--申请人与sponser的关系
Note: If you became a permanent resident of Canada sometime in the past but have subsequently left the country and have since been living outside Canada, you may not have lost your permanent resident status. If you have not lost your permanent resident status, you may not be sponsored. For further information on re-entry of permanent residents to Canada, see the guide Applying for a Travel Document on our website.
If you were born outside Canada and one of your parents was a Canadian citizen at the time of your birth, you most likely are a Canadian citizen and as such, cannot be sponsored. Consult our website for more details on Canadian citizenship and how to apply for a proof.
Persons who should be included in the application
If you are being sponsored as a member of the family class, your spouse or common-law partner must be included in your application as a family member. You must also include all your dependent children from your current and previous relationships, whether they will be going with you to Canada (accompanying family members) or not (non-accompanying family members).
Note that the visa office will not issue permanent resident visas to family members whom you identify as not accompanying you to Canada.
All your family members, whether accompanying you or not, must be declared on your application and be examined. If family members are not examined, it is generally not possible to sponsor them at a later date. This includes children in the custody of a former spouse or common-law partner.
In addition, failure to declare family members on your application and have them examined goes against your duty to provide truthful and accurate information, and may cause you to be found inadmissible to Canada.
Dependent children
Your child or a child of your spouse or common-law partner will be considered a dependent child if that child
A. is under the age of 22 and not married or in a common-law relationship; or
B. married or entered into a common-law relationship before the age 22 and, since becoming a spouse or a common-law partner, has
* been continuously enrolled and in attendance as full-time students in a post secondary institution accredited by the relevant government authority and
* depended substantially on the financial support of a parent; or
is 22 years of age or older and, since before the age of 22, has
* been continuously enrolled and in attendance as full-time students in a post secondary institution accredited by the relevant government authority and
* depended substantially on the financial support of a parent; or
C. is 22 years of age or older, has depended substantially on the financial support of a parent since before the age of 22 and is unable to provide for him/herself due to a medical condition.
Dependent children must meet the above requirements both on the day the Case Processing Centre in Mississauga (CPC-M), Ontario, receives a complete sponsorship application and, without taking into account whether they have attained 22 years of age, on the day a visa is issued to them.
Adopted children and orphaned relatives
A permanent resident visa cannot be issued to a child as a member of the family class if that child is the adopted child of the sponsor or an orphaned brother, sister, nephew or niece of the sponsor as described earlier in this guide unless the adoptive parents/the sponsor demonstrate they have obtained information concerning the medical condition of the child. In doing so, the government ensures that the child’s best interests are protected.
If you are a child who was adopted by the sponsor, whom the sponsor intends to adopt in Canada, or who is the sponsor’s orphaned brother, sister, nephew or niece, the sponsor must complete and submit a Medical Condition Statement if he or she has not already done so with his or her sponsorship application.
Medical requirements
--体检要求
To be admissible to Canada, you and your family members must not have a condition that is a danger to public health or safety, or would cause excessive demand on health or social services in Canada.
Excessive demand refers to the significant burden placed on Canada’s health or social services due to ongoing hospitalization or medical, social or institutional care for physical or mental illnesses, or special education or training. Individuals may be denied admittance to Canada due to the high costs of their care.
The factors considered during the medical assessment include whether or not hospitalization or medical, social or institutional care are required and whether potential employability or productivity could be affected. For example, a person with a serious disease or psychiatric disorder requiring ongoing care or hospitalization may be inadmissible because their requirements would place “excessive demand” on the Canadian health-care system. Individuals with developmental delay or congenital disorders who require special education or training to lead an independent life may also be inadmissible.
Other conditions which could place a significant financial burden on Canada’s health or social services would also render an applicant medically inadmissible. A child the sponsor has adopted or intends to adopt would be exempted from the application of the provisions on excessive demand.
You and all your family members who are not already Canadian citizens or permanent residents, whether they will be going with you to Canada or not, must undergo and pass a medical examination.
If you or your family members are divorced or separated and have sole or joint custody of a child, this child is considered to be your family member even if he or she normally resides with the other parent and must meet medical requirements. If the child is in the legal custody of the other parent, it is not necessary for that child to undergo the medical examination. Note, however, that if that child does not undergo the medical examination, it will not be possible to sponsor him or her later.
We will only recognize medical examinations done by medical doctors who have been chosen by Canadian Immigration authorities. These doctors are referred to as DMPs. DMPs are only responsible for conducting a medical examination in accordance with Canada’s immigration requirements. They cannot provide any advice on the immigration process.
--体检必须由政府认可医生完成
The results of the medical examination are valid for a period of 12 months from the date of the first medical examination. If you have any medical problems, you may have to go for more tests after your examination by the DMP.
All medical reports and X-rays for the immigration medical examination become the property of the Canadian Immigration medical authorities and cannot be returned to the person examined. The doctor will not advise you of the results of the examination but will advise you if you have a health-related problem.
The visa office will send you detailed instructions explaining what you and your dependants must do to complete your medical examination.
体检结果过期,还没有拿到visa怎莫办?
If your immigrant application is not processed and your visa is not issued before the results of your medical examination expire, you will have to undergo another complete medical examination and pay associated fees.
Security requirements
You and your family members (spouse/common-law partner and dependent children) must not be any risk to Canada. You and all your family members aged 18 and over who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents must undergo background checks. This applies even to your family members who do not intend to join you in Canada.
无犯罪公正
For each country in which you or your family members have lived for more than six months during the past 10 years, you must provide a police certificate, clearance or record of no information. If you or your family members were under 18 years of age when you lived there, you do not need to provide a police certificate for that country. It is your responsibility to contact the police or relevant authorities. We will also do our own background checks to determine if you have any arrests or criminal convictions, or if you are a security risk to Canada.
For the following countries, police certificates should not be obtained before applying for immigration. You may receive special instructions at a later date about police certificates for these countries.
Afghanistan Honduras Thailand
Costa Rica Hong Kong Ukraine
Fiji Poland United Kingdom
French Polynesia Singapore Venezuela
If you have lived in one of the countries listed below, you will need additional forms before applying for immigration. If you do not have the forms, ask your sponsor to obtain them from our Call Centre and send them to you.
Argentina Russia South Korea
Sri Lanka
Normally, Immigration authorities establish the admissibility of applicants for permanent residence and their family members through documents such as the permanent residence application form, police certificates and background records and assessments.
Certificates/clearances are normally issued by police authorities, but in some countries you will have to apply to municipal, provincial, federal or other government authorities. You may be asked to pay a fee for the service. The country’s embassy or consulate may be able to give you additional information.
You may have to provide information or documentation such as photographs, authorization to release personal information, fingerprints, or your addresses and periods of residence in other countries. Some authorities may require a letter from Canadian immigration authorities confirming that you have applied to immigrate to Canada and that you must obtain evidence of any criminal record as part of the processing of your application. Use the form letter Request for Police Certificates/Clearances (see Appendix B) for this purpose.
要求原件。
All police certificates must be originals; photocopies are not acceptable. If your certificates are in a language other than English or French, you must attach a certified (notarized) translation with the certificates. If you or any of your family members cannot get police certificates from any of the countries in which you have lived for six months or more after reaching the age of age of 18, you must provide a written explanation with your application and an original letter from the relevant authority confirming that they will not issue a certificate or clearance.
See additional information on requesting police certificates/clearances in Appendix B.
Criminality
Generally, persons with a criminal conviction are not admitted into Canada. However, if a prescribed period has passed after they have completed their sentence or committed an offence and during which they were not convicted of a subsequent offence, they may be deemed to have been rehabilitated. If they are not deemed to have been rehabilitated, they may, under special circumstances, be eligible to apply for rehabilitation.
Offences outside Canada
If you were convicted of or committed a criminal offence outside Canada, your may be deemed to have been rehabilitated if 10 years have passed since you have completed the sentence imposed upon you or since you have committed the offence, if the offence is one that would, in Canada, be an indictable offence punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of less than 10 years. If the offence is one that would, in Canada, be prosecuted summarily and if you were convicted for two or more such offences, that period is 5 years after the sentence imposed was served or to be served.
Offences in Canada
If you have a criminal conviction in Canada, you must seek a pardon from the National Parole Board of Canada before you apply for immigration to Canada. For further information, contact:
Clemency and Pardons Division
National Parole Board
410 Laurier Avenue West
Ottawa ON K1A 0R1
Telephone: 1 800 874-2652 (Callers in Canada and the United States only)
Facsimile: 1 613 941-4981
Website: www.npb-cnlc.gc.ca (the guide which includes application forms can be downloaded from the website)
If you have had two or more summary convictions in Canada, you may be deemed rehabilitated and no longer inadmissible if
* 5 years have passed since the sentence imposed was served or to be served,
* you have had no subsequent convictions and
* you have not be refused a pardon.
See Table 1 for a summary of the type of offences and length of rehabilitation periods.
If you or any of your family members have committed a criminal offence, you must provide, in addition to any police certificates or clearances, a full description of the circumstances surrounding the offence and the court record. This information will be reviewed by the visa office and you will receive further instructions.
Immigrating to Quebec
If you are being sponsored by a Canadian citizen or permanent resident living in the province of Quebec and you intend to settle there, you will receive from your sponsor an additional set of instructions and a form, the Application for Selection Certificate, to complete, sign and return to your sponsor. If your sponsor meets all of the conditions of Quebec’s provincial legislation to provide an undertaking for you, a Certificat de sélection du Québec (CSQ) will be issued to you. A CSQ is a document issued by the Ministère de l’Immigration et des Communautés culturelles (MICC) indicating that you are a family class immigration candidate being sponsored by a resident of Quebec who meets the conditions of the provincial legislation.
For more information on Quebec’s requirements, go to the MICC website at www.immigration-quebec.gouv.qc.ca and click on Sponsors and Sponsored Persons.
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Page 2
Frequently asked questions
Should I hire a lawyer or consultant?
All the information you require to complete your application is in this application kit. If you have questions or need clarification, you may contact us (see the Contact Information section). You may also choose to obtain the help of a representative if you need additional advice or support. We will process your application in the same manner, whether or not you have a representative.
You must complete the Use of a Representative form (IMM 5476) and send it with your application if:
* you are paying a representative to help you complete your application; and/or
* you wish to authorize us to discuss your application with someone other than yourself.
Do I need a passport or travel document?
You and your family members must have valid passports or travel documents. If any of the documents are to expire soon, you should renew them and provide copies of the new passport or travel document to the office processing your application. Diplomatic, official, service or public affairs passports cannot be used to immigrate to Canada. You must have a valid regular or private passport when you arrive. The validity of your visa may be affected by the validity of your passport.
How long do I have to complete the application and send it in?
收到sponsor的信以后的有效期:一年
Although you have one year from the date of the letter your sponsor receives from CPC-M informing him or her of the sponsorship assessment to send your completed application, you should complete the forms, gather the required documentation and send them as soon as possible to the appropriate visa office.
At the same time your sponsor is informed of the sponsorship assessment, he or she receives the kit for sponsored parents, grandparents, adopted children and other relatives, and forwards it to you.
If you do not send the application and required documentation within the time frame mentioned above, your sponsorship will be closed. Your sponsor will not be able to appeal to the Immigration Appeal Division if your sponsorship is closed.
Do professionals need registration and licensing to work in Canada?
In Canada, approximately 20 percent of occupations are regulated to protect the health and safety of Canadians (e.g., nurses, engineers, teachers, electricians). People who want to work in regulated occupations need to obtain a license from a provincial regulatory body. Licensing requirements often include education from a recognized school, Canadian work experience and completion of a technical exam. Fees for exams can be costly and are the responsibility of the applicant. Final assessment by the provincial authority can only be made once you are in Canada with permanent resident status.
Contact the appropriate regulatory body for additional information.
How long is a permanent resident visa valid?
A permanent resident visa is issued for a period not exceeding the earlier of
* the expiry date of the medical results for you and your family members or
* the expiry date of your or your family members’ passport.
Permanent resident visas cannot be extended once issued. If applicants do not use the visas within their validity period, they must re-apply for immigration to Canada.Their sponsor will have to submit a new sponsorship application and pay new processing fees.
My child is in the sole custody of my former spouse. Do I need to include this child in my application?
You must list this child on your application for permanent residence, but the child does not need to be examined if you do not have custody or responsibility for the child through either a written agreement or a court order. However, if the child is not examined, you cannot sponsor him or her as a member of the family class in the future, regardless of changes to custody or living circumstances. If you want to preserve your right to sponsor this child in the future, you may wish to have him or her examined as part of your application.
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How to apply to immigrate to Canada
If you are a member of the family class as described earlier and you feel you are admissible to Canada, proceed as follows:
STEP 1. Only one of each form you and your family members must complete is being provided with this guide. Before you start to complete the forms, make a photocopy for each person who needs to submit an individual form. To determine how many photocopies of the blank forms you will need, consult the table below.
Form |||||||||||| Must be completed by
A.Sponsorship Agreement (IMM 1344B),||||| if your sponsor lives in a Canadian province or territory other than Quebec You, unless you are under 22 years of age. Your sponsor will already have signed this form and sent it to you with this guide. You must sign it also and return it to your sponsor.
B. Application for permanent residence in Canada (IMM 0008 Generic) |||||||||||You.
C. Schedule 1 - Background / Declaration IMM 0008 Schedule 1) |||||| You and each of your family members 18 years of age or over, whether accompanying you to Canada or not, must complete their own copy of this form.
Additional Family Information
C. (IMM 5406) |||||| You and each of your family members 18 years of age or over, whether accompanying you to Canada or not, must complete their owncopy of this form.
If you choose to have a representative, complete also the Use of a Representative form (IMM 5476).
STEP 2. Complete the forms following the step-by-step instructions in the next section.
STEP 3. Obtain police certificates/clearances as instructed and collect all other documents you need to support your application. The checklist at Appendix A will tell you which documents you must submit with your application and which require translation and/or certification (notarization). Refer to section on security requirements for related information on police certificates.
Use the checklist to verify that you have all the required documents. It is important to note that we may request more information at any time during the process.
STEP 4. Send all your forms completed and signed along with supporting documentation to the visa office indicated on the correspondence included with this guide.
If any of the documents required in the list at Appendix A are not sent with your forms, the application will not be processed and will be returned to you. You will have to obtain the missing documents and re-send the complete application with all proper documentation.
All information and documents are required to assess your application correctly and quickly. If following the submission of your application, there are any changes to your family status such as marriage, divorce, births, deaths, your address or telephone/fax number, or any other important information, advise the visa office immediately, by mail or facsimile. Except for a change in address or telephone/fax number, this is required even if a permanent resident visa has already been issued to you.
When advising the office of such changes, you must clearly state your file number, if available. It is normally included at the top of the first page of any correspondence received from our immigration services.
If you are subject to an unenforced removal order, a permanent resident visa will not be issued to you. If you were previously ordered to leave Canada and received a written notice to that effect, consult our website or contact your sponsor for additional information on removal orders and their consequences before you submit your application.
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Completing the immigration forms
Complete the forms in block letters. Make sure all information is clear and easy to read. Your answers must be written in either the English or French language, unless instructed otherwise. If the space provided on the form is insufficient to list any information, use an additional sheet of paper, indicating the form’s title and the number of the question you are answering. Write your name and the page number at the top left corner of each additional sheet.
The following instructions will help you fill in the forms provided in this application package. Because most questions are clear, instructions are not included for all the boxes but only when necessary. You must answer all questions. If you leave any sections blank, your application will be returned to you for completion and processing will be delayed. If any sections do not apply to you, answer “Not Applicable”.
WARNING! You must provide truthful and accurate information. The information provided may be verified. If you give false or misleading information, you may be found to be inadmissible and not be allowed to apply for permanent residence in Canada for a period of two years following a final determination of inadmissibility, if you are outside Canada, or following the date the removal order against you is enforced, if you are in Canada. It is a serious offence to make a false application.
Application for Permanent Residence in Canada
(IMM 0008)
This form must be completed by the principal applicant. Page 2 of the form asks for details of family members. There is space for three family members on the form. If you have more than three family members, photocopy page 2 before you start to fill it in so you have enough space for everyone.
Category under which you are applying
Check the “Family class” box.
Number of family members
Write the total number of people included in your application, including yourself and any family members, whether they are accompanying you to Canada or not.
Preferred Language
Correspondence: Indicate whether we should correspond with you in English or French.
Interview: You may be selected for an interview. Interviews can be conducted in English or French. You may also be interviewed in another language of your choice; however, you will be responsible for the cost of hiring an interpreter if one has to be hired.
1. Print your full family name (surname) as it appears on your passport or on the official documents that you will use to obtain your passport.
Print all of your given name(s) (first, second or more) as they appear on your passport or on the official documents that you will use to obtain your passport. Do not use initials.
5. Your country of citizenship. If you are a citizen of more than one country, give details on a separate sheet of paper.
9. If you are in a common-law relationship but are not presently cohabiting with your partner, give the reason why you are separated from your partner on a separate sheet. Give also the date that separation started.
10. This section requires you to give details of your past marriages or common-law relationships. If you have never had a spouse or common-law partner other than your current one, check the “No” box and proceed to question 11. If you have had another spouse of common-law partner, check the “Yes” box and provide the details requested. If you have had more than one previous spouse or common-law partner, give details on a separate sheet of paper.
12. Level of education. - Check the box that best describes the highest level of education you have successfully completed. If you have not completed secondary school, check the “No secondary” box.
* Secondary is the level of schooling after elementary and before college, university, or other formal training
* Trade/apprenticeship refers to completed training in an occupation, such as auto mechanics or carpentry.
* Non-university certificate or diploma refers to training in a profession that requires formal education but not at the university level (for example, dental technician or engineering technician).
* Bachelor’s degree refers to the degree (such as a Bachelor of Arts, Education, Engineering or other professional field) awarded by a college or university to those who complete the undergraduate curriculum.
* Master’s degree is a post-graduate degree earned after the completion of a Bachelor’s degree.
* PhD is the highest university degree, usually based on at least three years graduate study and a dissertation. It is usually earned after the completion of a Master’s degree.
14. Your mailing address. This is the address we will use to mail correspondence regarding your application. Print your address in English and, if applicable, also in your own native script. If you live in China, make sure you also give your mailing address in Pinyin. Attach another sheet of paper if you need more space. If you decide to appoint a Canadian representative to act on your behalf and wish to have any communication relating to your application sent to him or her, write “see form IMM 5476” in box 14. Complete, sign and attach form IMM 5476, Use of a Representative.
Details of family members
Your family members are your spouse or common-law partner, if applicable, and your dependent children (start with the oldest). You must include all of your family members (who are not already permanent residents of Canada or Canadian citizens), whether they intend to immigrate with you or not. Any other relative (your mother, father, sister or brother, for instance) is not considered a family member for the purpose of this application. If you have more than three family members, attach a separate sheet of paper with the same information provided in the same order.
* Family name: As it appears on the family member’s passport or official documents he or she will use to obtain his or her passport.
* Given name(s): Print all of the family member’s given name(s) (first, second or more) as they appear on his or her passport or on the official documents that he or she will use to obtain his or her passport. Do not use initials.
* Country of citizenship: If your family member is a citizen of more than one country, provide details on a separate sheet of paper.
* Relationship to you: Indicate whether the family member is your spouse, common-law partner, son or daughter.
* Will accompany you to Canada: Indicate whether or not your family member will accompany you to Canada. “Accompany” means the person will immigrate to Canada before the visa expires but may arrive in Canada after you.
* Education: Indicate the level of education successfully completed by the family member using the categories listed in Question 12.
* Photos: Ask a photographer to provide you with a set of photos of yourself and each of your family members included in your application, whether they will be accompanying you or not. The required number of photos for each individual is indicated at Appendix A, under PHOTOS. Photos must comply with specifications given at Appendix C, Photo Specifications. Make sure you give a copy of these specifications to the photographer.
o On the back of one photo (and only one) in each set, write the name and date of birth of the person appearing in the photo as well as the date the photo was taken.
o Enclose each set of photos in separate envelopes. Write the family member’s name, date of birth and relationship to you on the outside of the corresponding envelope and close the envelope with a paper clip.
o Photos must not be stapled, scratched, bent or bear any ink marks.
Note that the visa office may also require additional photos at a later date.
Schedule 1
Background / Declaration
1. Print your full family name (surname) as it appears on your passport or on the official documents that will be used for obtaining your passport.
Print all of your given name(s) (first, second or more). Do not use initials. Again, print your names as they appear on your passport or on the official documents that will be used for obtaining your passport.
6. Indicate your current status in the country where you now live (for example, citizen, permanent resident, visitor, refugee, no legal status, etc.).
9. Read each statement of question 9 carefully. Answer “yes” or “no” on behalf of yourself (and your family members, if you are the principal applicant). If you answer “yes” to any question, provide full details in the space provided. Use a separate sheet of paper if necessary.
10. Education. - Provide details of all secondary and post secondary education, beginning with the most recent program completed.
11. Personal history. - You must account for every month during the past 10 years. Under “Activity”, print your occupation or job title if you were working. If you were not working, enter what you were doing (for example, unemployed, studying, travelling).
14. Military service. - You must give details of any voluntary or compulsory service.
15. Addresses. - Give a complete address including the street, town or city, province or region, and country. If there was no street or street number, explain exactly the location of the house or building. Do not use post office (P.O.) box addresses. You must account for every month during the past 10 years.
Declaration
Read the statements carefully. Sign and date in the boxes provided. By signing, you certify that you fully understand the questions asked and that the information you have provided is complete, truthful, and correct. If you do not sign, the application will be returned to your sponsor.
Solemn Declaration and Interpreter Declaration
Do not complete this section unless you are asked to do so by a visa officer at an interview.
Use of a Representative (IMM 5476)
Complete this form if you are appointing a representative.
If you have dependent children aged 18 years or older, they are required to complete their own copy of this form if a representative is also conducting business on their behalf.
A representative is someone who has your permission to conduct business on your behalf with Citizenship and Immigration Canada. When you appoint a representative, you also authorize CIC to share information from your case file to this person.
You are not obliged to hire a representative. We treat everyone equally, whether they use the services of a representative or not. If you choose to hire a representative, your application will not be given special attention nor can you expect faster processing or a more favourable outcome.
The representative you appoint is authorized to represent you only on matters related to the application you submit with this form. You can appoint only one representative for each application you submit.
There are two types of representatives:
Unpaid representatives
* friends and family members who do not charge a fee for their advice and services
* organizations that do not charge a fee for providing immigration advice or assistance (such as a non-governmental or religious organization)
* consultants, lawyers and Québec notaries who do not, and will not, charge a fee to represent you
Paid representatives
If you want us to conduct business with a representative who is, or will be charging a fee to represent you, he or she must be authorized. Authorized representatives are:
* immigration consultants who are members in good standing of the Canadian Society of Immigration Consultants (CSIC)
* lawyers who are members in good standing of a Canadian provincial or territorial law society and students-at-law under their supervision
* notaries who are members in good standing of the Chambre des notaires du Québec and students-at-law under their supervision
If you appoint a paid representative who is not a member of one of these designated bodies, your application will be returned. For more information on using a representative, visit our website.
Section B.
5. Your representative’s full name
If your representative is a member of CSIC, a law society or the Chambre des notaires du Québec, print his or her name as it appears on the organization’s membership list.
8. Your representative’s declaration
Your representative must sign to accept responsibility for conducting business on your behalf.
Section D.
10. Your declaration
By signing, you authorize us to complete your request for yourself and your dependent children under 18 years of age. If your spouse or common-law partner is included in this request, he or she must sign in the box provided.
Release of information to other individuals
To authorize CIC to release information from your case file to someone other than a representative, you will need to complete form Authority to Release Personal Information to a Designated Individual (IMM 5475) which is available on our website and from Canadian embassies, high commissions and consulates abroad.
The person you designate will be able to obtain information on your case file, such as the status of your application. However, he or she will not be able to conduct business on your behalf with CIC.
You must notify us if your representative’s contact information changes or if you cancel the appointment of a representative.
Additional Family Information
(IMM 5406)
You must answer all questions. If any sections do not apply to you, please answer “Not Applicable”.
It is very important that you list on this form any other children (even if they are already permanent residents of Canada or Canadian citizens) that you, your spouse or common-law partner or your dependent children might have who are not included in your Application for Permanent Residence. This includes married children, adopted children, stepchildren and any of your children who have been adopted by others, or who are in the custody of an ex-spouse or ex-common-law partner.
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Tables and charts
Table 1 - Eligibility for Rehabilitation
The following table gives a summary of the type of offences and length of rehabilitation periods.
Conviction or offence Rehabilitation period
When deemed rehabilitated1 When eligible to apply for rehabilitation
Conviction of an offence outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an indictable offence punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of less than ten years At least ten years after completion of the sentence imposed Five years after completion of the sentence imposed
Commission of an offence outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would be an indictable offence punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of less than ten years At least ten years after commission of the offence Five years after commission of the offence
Conviction or commission of an offence outside Canada, that, if committed in Canada, would be punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of ten years or more Not applicable Five years from completion of the sentence or commission of the offence
Conviction for two or more offences outside Canada that, if committed in Canada, would constitute summary conviction offences At least five years after the sentences imposed were served or to be served Not applicable
Conviction for two or more summary conviction offences in Canada At least five years after the sentences imposed were served or to be served Must apply for a pardon
Conviction for two or more indictable offences in Canada Not applicable Must apply for a pardon
1The person must not have committed or been convicted of any other indictable offence.
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What happens next
What happens after you have sent your application to the visa office
When the visa office receives your forms and supporting documentation, it will verify that all forms and documents are complete and signed, that your sponsor has paid all applicable fees and meets sponsorship requirements.
The visa office will process your application and decide if a visa may be issued to you and your family members. It may require an interview or additional information and documentation before it can make a decision about your application. If you are asked to provide additional documents, the visa office will send you a written request. It is in your interest to comply as quickly as possible. If the visa office does not receive the additional information or documents within three months of the date of the request, your application may be refused. If you need to be interviewed, the visa office will notify you in writing in advance of the date, time and location of the interview as well as of the documents to bring with you.
If you have to meet other requirements, for example take additional medical tests, or provide more current or additional information needed for background checks, it could take considerably longer to reach a decision about your application. Visit our website or contact your sponsor for additional information on processing times.
If you and your sponsor meet all immigration requirements, the visa office will request you to submit passports and issue permanent resident visas to you and your family members accompanying you to Canada. You must then arrive in Canada either with or before your family members, and within the validity period of the visas.
If you or your sponsor do not meet all immigration requirements, your application will be refused. You will receive a letter outlining the reasons for the refusal. Your sponsor will also receive a copy of the refusal letter and will be informed of his or her right to appeal the decision to the Immigration and Refugee Board.
What you should expect at the interview
You, your spouse or common-law partner and dependent children may be asked to come to the interview. The visa officer may ask about your relationship to the sponsor, your education, your reasons for emigrating, your plans and preparations. The officer may also ask about your family, your health, your financial situation, or past difficulties with the law. There may also be questions to determine your ability to settle successfully in Canada.
Checking application status
To find out the current status of your application, follow these steps:
Step Action
1 Log on to our Web site.
2 Select “I Need To…” on the right hand side of the page.
3
Click on Check My Application Status.
4 Click on Client Application Status.
If you do not want your information to be made available online, you can remove it by following these steps:
Step Action
1 Log on to our Web site.
2 Select “I Need To…” on the right hand side of the page.
3 Click on Check My Application Status.
4 Click on Client Application Status.
5 Access your account.
6 Select the check box next to the message Please don't show my application status on the Internet.
Current processing times are updated weekly on our Web site.
Protecting your application information
We protect your information. It is only available to our employees who need to see it in order to provide services to you. It is protected from unauthorized access electronically by security software and procedures.
Your application status can only be obtained with your family name, date of birth, country of birth and one of the five numbers we use to identify an application, namely your:
* CIC client number
* CIC file number
* CIC fee payment receipt number
* CIC Record of Landing (form IMM 1000) or Confirmation of Permanent Residence (form IMM 5292) number
* Permanent resident card number
We will not disclose any information to anyone else without your written consent. If you give consent or provide the information above to others, they will be able to obtain the status of your application. We will not be able to determine when, for what purpose, how often, or to whom information may have been disclosed.
You can protect your information by not telling anyone your personal information and by keeping documents with this information in a safe place. Also when you view the status of your application online, you should apply the same precautions that you would use for your other personal Internet transactions.
For more information on the protection of your data, please read the security page and the Frequently Asked Questions.
Removing online information
You can remove online information by logging on to e-Client Application Status. Follow the instructions to access your application status information. Then select the check box to remove your application status from the Internet. If you reside in Canada you can also call our Call Centre and ask an agent to do this for you. If you are outside Canada, please contact the Canadian embassy, high commission or consulate responsible for your region.
What happens when you arrive in Canada
When you arrive, you must present your permanent resident visa to a Canadian customs or immigration officer at your first port of entry. The officer will check your visa and travel documents and ask you questions similar to those on the Application for Permanent Residence to verify that you are of good character and in good health. If there are no difficulties, the officer will authorize your admission to Canada as a permanent resident and ask you to sign in his or her presence the Confirmation of Permanent Residence form you will have received from the visa office. The officer will then send this form to a processing centre and you will receive your Permanent Resident Card in the weeks following. Make sure that when you arrive in Canada, you know the address, including the postal code, where you are going to live.
A permanent resident is a person lawfully in Canada as an immigrant who is not yet eligible for, or has not yet been granted, Canadian citizenship.
What settlement services are available
Canada’s settlement services are limited. Your sponsor will have signed an undertaking with the Government of Canada or, if you intend to live in Quebec, with the Government of Quebec, to provide for your basic requirements and those of your dependants after you arrive in Canada. You can learn about settlement services from Citizenship and Immigration Centres, Human Resources Canada Centres and private organizations.
Finding a job
Upon arrival in Canada as a permanent resident you may seek assistance in finding a job from a Human Resources Centre of Canada. Most employers will ask potential candidates to provide a social insurance number (SIN). You will receive forms to apply for your SIN at the time you are processed for admission to Canada as a permanent resident.
Leaving Canada to settle your affairs after obtaining permanent resident status
Permanent residents may leave and re-enter Canada as often as they wish, to settle their affairs or to travel, as long as, at the time they re-enter Canada, they can prove that they have been physically present in Canada for at least 730 days within the five years preceding the day they re-enter, if they have been permanent residents for five years or more, or that they will be physically present in Canada for at least 730 days within the five years immediately following the day they became permanent residents, if they have been permanent residents for less than five years. Permanent residents outside Canada may also meet the residency obligation if certain conditions apply.
Rights and obligations as a permanent resident of Canada
You and your family members have the right to live, study and work in Canada for as long as you remain permanent residents, and are entitled to most social benefits accorded to Canadian citizens. As a permanent resident, you also have the same legal obligations as Canadians, such as paying taxes and respecting other laws.
When you have met citizenship requirements, including permanent residency in Canada for at least three years, you may apply for Canadian citizenship and a Canadian passport.
There are a few limitations on permanent residents:
* You cannot obtain a Canadian passport.
* You cannot vote in certain elections.
* You may be ineligible for certain jobs requiring high-level security clearances.
* If you or your family members commit serious crimes, you or your family members risk being deported from Canada.
Your sponsor and co-signer, if applicable, are responsible for providing for your basic requirements and those of your family members after you arrive in Canada, for the period specified by the Undertaking, and for ensuring that you do not become dependent on the Canadian welfare system. Under the agreement you have signed with your sponsor/co-signer, you are committed to making every reasonable effort to provide for your own basic requirements and those of your family members.
You remain a permanent resident until you become a Canadian citizen or abandon Canada as your place of residence. You may be considered to have abandoned Canada if you have frequent and/or lengthy absences from the country. If after becoming a permanent resident you return to live in your home country indefinitely, you will lose your permanent resident status
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Info from Rosie:
1. IMMIGRATION FORMS
Send original forms. Check that they are complete and, where applicable, signed:
Application for Permanent Residence. - This form is completed by you, the principal applicant. X1
Schedule 1. - You and each of your family members 18 years of age or older must complete their
own copy of the form Schedule 1 - Background/Declaration. X2
Additional Family Information. - You and each of your family members 18 years of age or older
must complete their own copy of this form. X2
Use of a Representative. - If you want us to deal with a representative on your behalf, be sure
you have completed and signed the Use of a Representative form (IMM 5476).
2. IDENTITY AND CIVIL STATUS DOCUMENTS
Birth, marriage, final divorce, annulment or separation certificates for you and spouse or commonlaw
partner; death certificate for former spouse if applicable. Citizens of the People’s Republic of
China should provide a copy of their “hukou”. (need copy of houkou, marriage,birth certificate)
3. CHILDREN’S INFORMATION
Children’s birth certificates (which name their parents); adoption papers for adopted dependent
children; proof of custody for children under the age of 18 and proof that the children may be
removed from the jurisdiction of the court; if the children will not accompany you to Canada, proof
that you have fulfilled any obligation stated in custody agreements. Proof of continuous full-time
studies of all dependent children aged 22 or over: complete school records/transcripts since
attaining age 22, letters from the school(s) indicating the number of hours of classes attended per
day, and the number of days attended per week, and proof of full financial support by parents since
reaching age 22. (NOT Applicable)
4. TRAVEL DOCUMENTS AND PASSPORTS
Passports or travel documents for you, your spouse common-law partner and dependent children.
Only include copies of pages showing the passport number, date of issue and expiry, your photo,
name, date and place of birth. If you reside in a country different from your nationality include a
copy of your visa for the country where you currently reside. Please note that all prospective
immigrants must hold a valid regular passport; diplomatic, official, service or public affairs passports
are not valid for immigration to Canada. For Taiwan: Household Register and a certified English
translation.--------------copy (1st and 2nd pages)
5. PROOF OF RELATIONSHIP IN CANADA
Proof of relationship to your sponsor in Canada, such as birth, marriage or adoption certificates and
proof of that person’s status in Canada; photocopy of the Record of Landing (IMM 1000) or
Permanent Resident Card of your sponsor or proof of Canadian citizenship such as photocopy of
pages of a Canadian passport or Canadian citizenship card.------copies of citizen and passport
6. POLICE CERTIFICATES AND CLEARANCES
Original police certificates of Good Conduct or clearances, from each country/state/territory in
which you and everyone in your family aged 18 years or over have resided for six months or longer
since reaching the age of 18. You must attach the original police document(s). Instructions on
how to obtain Hong Kong Certificates of No Criminal Conviction will be sent to you upon receipt of
your application. If police documents are forwarded to the Consulate by the relevant authorities
attach a brief explanatory note to your application. ---original police documents
7. ENGAGEMENT
The original of the Engagement if your intention is to reside in the province of Quebec.
8. ADDRESS IN CHINESE CHARACTERS
Citizens of China must provide their residential address in Chinese characters including their postal
code to ensure effective communication with the visa office should the need arise.
9. PHOTO REQUIREMENTS
Supply five (5) recent photos for each member of your family and yourself. Follow the instructions in
your guide (see Photos in section on completing the Application for Permanent Residence in
Canada) and in Appendix C: Photo Specifications.
Mailing your application
If your application lacks the supporting documents listed above it will be returned to you for completion. Assemble all your documents and your completed application forms. Place them in a sealed envelope and send them to the:
Consulate General of Canada
Immigration Section
G.P.O. Box 11142
Hong Kong
It is very important that you provide on your application form a reliable telephone number - either your own number or that of any representative that you may designate to receive calls on your behalf - and that you report to us in writing any changes in this information that may occur while your application is in process.
If your mailing address is in the People’s Republic of China, your visa(s) will be delivered by DHL Worldwide commercial couriers. DHL will attempt to telephone you or your designated representative prior to delivery to make collection arrangements. If DHL cannot reach you your visa(s) will be returned to us.